Impacts Of Mass Tourism On Ecotourism Sites

Impacts Of bulk touristry On Eco hobbleistry Sites mild eco touristry of 10 occurs on a voluminous eggshell deep down certain accessible atomic number 18as leading to the placard that eco touristry domiciliate and of ten does occur as a form of intensity tourism (Weaver and Lawton, 200 362). Critically evaluate, using showcases, the social, economic and environmental impacts of pickle tourism on ecotourism sites.From my studies and research in this subject area of geographics it is plain that there is a link and indeed a kin between ecotourism and voltaic pile tourism. In order to understand this similitudeship besides we must transport into account what exactly tourism substance, and subsequently what is meant by ecotourism and lot tourism. What essentially is tourism? Undoubtedly there are many another(prenominal) change definitions to describe tourism but essentially tourism . . . is the interim movement of people to refinements outside their normal places o f work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs (Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall 1982, p.1) Tourism is unquestionably a void activity and there are many various forms of tourism including hea consequentlyish tourism.Sex tourism.Adventure tourism.Geotourism.Event tourism.The tourism sector has experienced earthshaking increase in later years due to melloweder incomes and greater transport creature comforts and accessibility. According to the Central Statistics Office Ireland website, www.cso.ie the number of trips by Irish residents on domestic plump has increase from 7,001 in 2004 to 8,340 in 2009.1The increase or enhancement of tourism deep down certain areas has varying impacts, twain positive and forbid, on the economic, social and environmental aspects.Ecotourism or bionomical tourism essentially refers to travel to an area possessing natural, physical or heathenish beauty f or example rivers, beaches, mountains and wildlife ecosystems. The main purpose associated with this form of tourism is to maintain, entertain and respect the value of the area. According to Mike J. Stabler et al, ecotourism refers to . . . a sustainable, non-invasive form of nature-based tourism that focuses primarily on learning about nature first-hand and which is ethically managed to be low impact, non-consumptive and local anestheticly orientated (control, benefits and scale). It typically occurs in natural areas, and should direct to the saving of such areas. (Mike J. Stabler et al, 2010, p.360). Ecotourism incorporates a wide range of activities from visits to natural ecosystems for example the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, physical activities such as mountain climbing and visits to see wildlife animals for example gorillas which I provide reason later in this essay. There are two main types of ecotourism soft ecotourism and hard ecotourism. Soft ecotourism is genera lly the more than popular form of ecotourism and unremarkably involves short-term experiences which are nature led by a tour guide and in which the individual returns to a facilitated area. Due to the popularity of soft ecotourism it is more likely that mass tourism could develop as a egress. hard tourism on the other hand refers to the individual involving themselves in an terrible experience devoid of amenities like accommodation, restaurants and shops for example The Hollies Centre in County Cork.Mass tourism substructure be quite difficult to sterilize as there are no insights as to how many tourists would bump as mass tourism. However it fundamentally refers to titanic scale tourism where there is a great or large amount of tourists in a given area at any iodin time. Mass tourism has come to the fore due to higher incomes and accessibility as previously mentioned and in addition to these the introduction of package deals has also vie a indispensable part in this fo rm of tourism. It is essential to line of work that there is a relationship between these two forms of tourism and one can influence the other hugely. Throughout this essay I will discuss the impacts, socially, economically and environmentally of mass tourism on ecotourism sites with lineament to various examples.By controlling and managing potential mass tourism on an ecotourism site the electronegative social and environmental impacts are significantly reduced, ensuring the boilers suit preservation and conservation of the site. Rwanda is a small country which is located in central Africa and is famous for its pulchritudinous geographical scenery such as the scenic beaches at Lake Kivu and its vast series of mountains. In addition to the beautiful scenery, it also boasts an abundance of wildlife including various species of birds and the rare mountain gorillas. (Figure 1) Rwanda is known universal for these mountain gorillas and this doubtless is a main attraction for tourist s. According to the Rwanda Tourism website, www.rwandatourism.com, the number of visitors in Rwanda increased from 826,374 in 2007 to approximately one gazillion in 2008.2In addition to this gorilla tourism in Rwanda has handsome significantly and reached a peak in 2008 when 17,000 tourists were recorded see the Volcanoes guinea pig common alone (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.2.), with peak season being the months of July and August. Although the increase in Rwandas tourists would not be classified as mass tourism on a global scale, it is essential to note that this increase has had significant impacts in Rwanda. The Volcanoes berth(a) Park is located in northern Rwanda and lies on the sidestep of Virunga National Park in the Congo and the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda. The Volcanoes National Park enables tourists to experience the extraordinary gorillas up close. The train of tourism certainly has impacts on the ecotourism site socially, economically and environmentally.The local company in Rwanda has experienced both positive and negative impacts as a result of the increase in tourism. In relation to social impacts Rwanda has undoubtedly benefited. The income received in the country as a direct result of tourists in the park has meant that the local communities pitch socially grown. Under the ORTNP and with the shop of the government, a tourism revenue scheme was initiated in 2005, meaning that 5% of revenue from park fees goes towards supporting local communities and projects. The following are examples of projects undertaken in Rwanda as a result of the revenue schemeSchools the building of ten schools within the locality has dramatically cut down on travel time for locals to school. This enables pupils to focus on their studies, thus improving the quality of grooming in the area.Water Tanks over 5,000 families within the locality have benefited from the building of water tanks which provide 20,000 litres of water per pers on per day.(Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.11)The Rwandan community possesses a affluent cultural society which is present in their arts and crafts for example weave baskets, pottery and painting. Tourist expenditure on such cultural crafts shows involution in local traditions and rituals and ensures the native culture survives amongst the varying cultures of tourists. Environmental impacts are a considerably important feature when referring to gorilla tourism in Rwanda. Due to the fact that these mountain gorillas are rare and endangered species conservation and protection of these animals is a precedingity. One can argue that tourism itself can have a detrimental impact on the animals and this undoubtedly is a fair argument. Gorilla tourism can and does present a nemesis to gorilla conservation as tourists can put stress and flap upon the gorillas. This can illly affect the behaviour and health of the gorillas. (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.16) Evidentially t hese factors could be responsible for a decline in population size. However, as people in Rwanda have realised the potential danger, they are now managing mass tourism in the following ways in order to conserve the eco-siteAnyone who wishes to take part and experience closer contact with the gorilla species must buy a permit which is expensive and delimited. Tourists are willing to pay high prices for these permits and this essentially means that tourists are aware of and are supporting the ecotourism engrave of minimising ecological impacts.In addition to the high terms of permits and as curtly mentioned earlier, the revenue scheme means that 5% of this money is fundamentally re-invested covering fire into the conservation and protection of the national parks.A set of rules and regulations have been introduced which supplant risk to the gorillas. These rules are enforced by staff employed within the park. The following are some examples of rules and regulations enforcedTour ists have to keep a distance of 7 meters between themselves and gorillas.There is a daily limit of one group of tourists per group of gorillas, a limit to the number of tourists within that group and they are required to remain together.Visits are to have a limited time span of one hour.Minimum age necessity of 15.(Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.4)If we are to imagine this ecotourism site without any means of managing tourist song what would be the impacts environmentally? Undoubtedly the gorilla species in the Volcano National Park would become extinct. The population of the gorilla has already decreased in recent years and there is no question that extensive large scale tourism (larger than what Rwanda is currently experiencing) would decrease it even more. In ground of economic impacts with reference to tourism in Rwanda we can see that tourism is acting as an economic asset to the local communities. Employment in gorilla tourism is very significant and at least one hun dred eighty employment opportunities have been created within the park including tour guides, anti-poaching teams and gorilla groups trackers. (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.12)Benidorm is a coastal townshipspeople situated in the province of Alicante in Spain. It is home to beautiful sandy beaches which attract numerous tourists every year. Originally prior to the 1960s it was a small village where farming and fishing were the main sources of income. During this time period Benidorm experienced little or no tourism.Since then however Benidorm has developed tremendously and attracts as much as ten million tourists per year. As a result of this dramatic change the lives of the local people and indeed the landscape have changed dramatically. Tourists are attracted to Benidorm due to comfortable accessibility, cheap package deals, abundance of accommodation, the beautiful sandy beaches, nightlife and golf courses. The town of Benidorm developed rapidly in order to cater for t his large scale tourism and this development has had social, economic and environmental impacts as a result. The construction of tourism related infrastructure has negative environmental impacts in the region of Benidorm. Over consumption, over development, pollution and artificial reconstruction are amongst these negative impacts. some(prenominal) high rise hotels were constructed in order to cater and maximize tourism within the town which immediately diminishes the beauty of the town and decreases attractiveness.defilement is an ongoing problem in the area. Tourism leads to constitutional litter and extreme pressure on sewerage systems. Cheaper package deals have led to an increased level of air travel, thus increasing the levels of nitrous oxide, hydrocarbon and lead in the air. Over consumption of natural resources for example water is another negative impact of tourism in Benidorm in the past with tourists exploiting the resource in hotels and swimming pools. Reconstructio n of beaches, and production of golf courses decreases originality, portrays a modern town and drains images of the picturesque fishing village that was once there. (Figure 2) According to an article on the BBC news website however, www.bbc.co.uk/news/ , Benidorm is now highlighted as the new face of ecotourism. The writer describes the recent environmental positive impacts which were acknowledged and have occurred as a result of the initial negative impacts of mass tourism. In one hotel the lights immediately turn off upon vacating the room and many of the taps are foot-pump operated in order to save water which in turn tackles the overconsumption of the natural resource. In addition low energy street lighting is used. In relation to the economy of Benidorm there are both positive and negative impacts. The tourism industry is worth an impressive amount to the economy and is a indispensable asset in terms of job creation. The restaurants, pubs, hotels and shops employ a large amoun t of people from Benidorm and the surrounding areas which would perhaps be unemployed if it was not for high tourism levels. The majority of food is locally sourced which essentially means that money earned by local businesses is essentially going backrest into the local economy. However tourism in this town has negative impacts also. Many of the hotels in Benidorm are chain hotels and are foreign owned. This acts as a drain on the local economy as money leaves the country. The cost of living increased as a result of mass tourism with prices of houses and goods and services putting pressure on the locals. Socially, the huge numbers of tourists visiting Benidorm has resulted in a wide range of cultures which can have has both positive and negative effects. The wide multicultural society as a result of mass tourism indeed positive yet this can have strongly influence negative impacts. It can simply float out the Spanish culture of the town and with such a miscellany of cultures ant i-social behaviour has occurred and remains a possibility when misunderstandings or insulting of divergent cultures occurs. In addition to this mass tourism can have adverse impacts socially for the locals. Mass tourism has led to a rise in inappropriate behaviour with tourists engaging in such activities as do drugs use and excessive drinking. Tourism also interrupts local access to amenities such as shops, roads, public parks and sporting facilities as well as public transport.From the examples I have discussed throughout this essay it is unequivocal that there is indeed a relationship between the two forms of tourism- ecotourism and mass tourism. In relation to my two examples, gorilla tourism in Rwanda, Africa and tourism in Benidorm, Spain, it is essential to note that I took two different approaches in terms of discussing them. When referring to ecotourism in Africa, I discussed the impacts that managing tourist numbers has had on the ecotourism site. It is evident from thi s example that ensuring the impacts of tourism numbers on this destination are monitored and managed is vital for sustainable tourism industry. Without the management gorilla numbers would decrease and would in the end become extinct. Therefore the ecotourism site would not be viewed as a must-go destination and tourism would possibly cease. With specific reference to the tourist destination of Benidorm in Spain, I discussed the impacts which mass tourism had initially created on the area. In contrast to this, in more recent years I have given an insight to how Benidorm has evolved from an area of mass tourism to an area word picture potential eco-touristic qualities. Tourism management in a destination that is in line with local communities preserves and enhances the environment and protects its wildlife, while providing a more authentic tourist experience and eliminating the negative social and environmental impacts of mass tourism on ecotourism site.

Youth Fitness And Obesity Levels Physical Education Essay

Y appearh Fitness And Obesity Levels material procreation EssayThe figure of obesity children is rapidly increasing due to their female genitalskerous life-style and eating habit such as addicted to riotous food, video games, and online games which occur in most of the children community directly. Unhealthy lifestyle ca routined most of the children dislike sensual bodily becomement and lack of material seaworthiness. A number of researchers seed in disciplineing bodily cle atomic number 18s of all time evince the relationship between decreasing of participation in strong-arm exploit towards increasing of health-related risks such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (Domangue, 2009). We as tangible teachers affirm to image factors leading to children sensible in legal action. It is very grand to agnize wherefore youngsters withdraw themselves from sensual bodily hold up as they come up matured. In bodily commandment classes, bodily tangibl e fittingness exam act as a very crucial religious serviceing which help to create sentiency of health concerns on physiological in action cases especially among children (Domangue, 2009). sensual operation is defined as any type (mild, mode arrange, vigorous) of bodily movement for subject jumping rope, soccer, weight lifting, running, walking, taking stairs and others which can be our day by day routine activities, recreational activities, as well as sport activities. Literally, health-related tangible seaworthiness means somatogenic employment that involved mild or adverse somatic frame movement that provide to their general organic structure health (Karinharju, 2005). School-based somatic class explains when participant is forciblely dynamical, heart pumping rate increases and produces heavier breathing than normal breathing. Unfortunately, a lot of tutors neglected forcible statement class and only focus on somatic class. In fact, somatic education and forcible exercise argon equally important elements that contri unlesse towards children health development.In Silverman et.al. (2008) paper stated youth seaworthiness block out was public figureed to embarrass those children who are less satisfactory in physical drill. Those children who cannot make out well especially those obese children impart be insulted by their peers and at last they ordain withdraw themselves from involving in physical natural process. We should not countermand children down in physical activity by right as a school day teacher we should help children to cultivate intimacy in physical activity. For instance, a plump children will feel embarrass magic spell doing stretching. They might unable to reach the desired point and will be laughed by their peers. Girls might not like to play soccer, running around the field fighting for a ball. They might prefer jumping rope. So while intent fittingness sampleing, more consideration should be int erpreted such as gender, system size and seaworthiness. As a physical teacher, we should help bookmans to learn more about seaworthiness and physical activity in secern to promote lordly attitudes on physical activity.I further belief if physical physical seaworthiness exam was physical exercised in positive and get hold of behaviors it will kindle students physical educational run through as well as promote good attitudes and interest. There is more or less discussion on seaworthiness testing has been make in new years and the discussions were basically taken in three forms. First, some researchers advise discontinuing school-based youth physical physical fittingness testing in physical education computer chopine. Because school teachers are more focus on students activity performance kinda of health-related fitness (Silverman, 2008 Rowland, 1995 Corbin et al., 1995). Second, researchers suggested that school-based physical classes should emphasize on educ ational aspects. Tests and teaching should carried out to micturateher to help to remedy students fitness and noesis (Silverman, 2008 Cale Harris, 2002 Corbin Pangrazi, 1993). Lastly, thorough interrogatory of student fitness achievement testing is needed before designing and making decision on the future of physical class mise en scene and tests. (Silverman, 2008 Cale et al., 2007 Corbin et al., 1995 Keating Silverman, 2004).To be physically fit, unitary has to be physically active. Definition for physical fitness is an adaptive state that varies with the individuals growth and maturity status and with normal activity and lifestyle (Domangue, 2009 Malina, Bouchard Bar-Or, 2004). Furthermore, physical fitness can be categorised into two categories which is health-related fitness and performance-related fitness. Health-related fitness is fitness that everyone needs which contri yetes to maintain and improve health status of our body. Performance-related fitness refers to s killed athletes or performers who need to be success or excel in their performance in sports activities. Basically, health-related fitness is rateed by measuring cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, muscular endurance, strength, and body fat case or body mass index (BMI) (Hale, 2005 Corbin, 2005).Rowland, 1995 drew a coda that physical teachers should not stop fitness testing, and should implement fitness tests in the physical education platform. Children and adults have different used of fitness test. So, while be after physical activities, this should be taken in concern. Children cannot make up whether to participate in fitness testing or how to use the results of those physical minds. Whereas, adults are able to decide and choose whether to use fitness testing as a summative assessment to check their sure health-related fitness levels of how fit they are at the period of time or as formative assessment to continuously assess health-related fitness level in order to mod ify fitness program as part of program throwning. Adults who decided to go for either formal (with trainers) or informal training (self-training) already ready and have some commitment to do physical activity. But children do not have such commitment and do not know how to make decision. Therefore, youth fitness testing can have opposite result if it is not perform suitably, and will have consequences to develop negative attitude and patterns of physical activity among children. But, youth fitness testing should play an important role in school physical education setting in order to enhance students fitness (Silverman, 2008 Bar-Or, 1993 Cale Harris, 2002 Whitehead, Pemberton Corbin, 1990), and writ of execution of fitness testing should be come acrossd often to prevent any inequality of opinion that will result in the misuse of fitness tests (Silverman, 2008).In order to have positive impact of physical testing in school, silverman has suggested some guidelines to implement a positive impact fitness test. First, youth fitness testing should be integrated as a part of fitness cultivation in curriculum. Although assessment is important goal of teaching but without a solid curriculum it is merely testing (Stewart, Elliot, Boyce Block, 2005). Second, fitness testing result should be used by teachers to assess their fitness instruction and enhance students learning (Corbin, 1981) while physical classes. Long-term and short-term outcomes of fitness testing of children should be taken into concern by teachers and curriculum planners planning for future activities. Third, the point of having physical class is for students to improve their body fitness and towards meeting their healthy zone standard. We should teach students not to assume that fitness testing will automatically increase their physical activity levels but it is just to test their body fitness. It is important to discover their body fitness and help to design future activities. If fitness tes ting was used appropriately and used as an educational tool, it has the potential to promote physical activity and to a fault help to improve health-related fitness. In umteen schools in Malaysia, students are only required to be tested on fitness test once in a year. Compare to faculty member tests physical test is far lesser. During fitness tests, Instructional time spent on fitness testing should not be ignored. Without positively increasing youngsters physical activity levels and health-related fitness does not make sound use of fitness tests.Health-related fitness testing should be carried out in school, and it is important to include both physical activity and also health-related fitness in physical education class so that student will able to understand the difference and complementary nature of the concepts (Silverman, 2008). Health-related fitness has to be taught as part of curriculum so that student able to understand the concept and the object of the test. Health-rela ted fitness testing also can be used as a tool to turn up concepts and components of health-related fitness and physical activity. For example, while teacher introducing the sit up test, teacher can discuss on the anatomy of the body and the function of the ponderositys involved and how the body perform the activity and how to improve their strength and endurance. reserve important information and knowledge while doing the activity, student can understand better the purpose of having each test and also prevent to get injured. Without proper knowledge, students are more tend to get injured, due to lack of knowledge of proper posture undergoing particular activity. Teacher has to educate students the separate posture and way to perform those activity to protect our body muscle and anatomy. Lacking important knowledge might influence students performance, penury and interest as well. Eventually, they will cultivate negative attitude and their bad visits in physical education will influence their attitudes towards future assessment and physical activity and eventually cause them to withdraw from physical activity.Another causality why teaching both health-related fitness and physical activity is important, because the current test of physical activity assessment program may mislead students into thinking that regular participation in any mild to deem physical activity for 30-60 minutes is sufficient to maintain their health. NASPE recommends those children aged 5 to 12 years should be physically active for at to the lowest degree 60 minutes to several hours of per day (Domangue, 2009). As children get matured, the recommended era for physical activity varies. Adolescents need lesser hour to be physically active analyze to children. They need only 30-60 minutes daily (Yesalonia, 2009). Unfortunately, some school-aged students have too little opportunity to participate in these recommended physical activities during school hour. In this situation, stud ents are required to balance their physical activity levels outside the school as extra-curriculum.Outside the regular school hours, many children could be physically active in inactive activities such as home rick, computers and video-games which children only required to sit on chair. This can affect activity levels of school-aged children. Perhaps the most important time for children to be active is after school is between three and six p.m. But often children nowadays are not, they will rather spend time on sedentary activities or their academic curriculum. Parents have press more on their academic rather than their physical achievements and also safety issues parents stop letting children to involve in physical activities. . As a school teacher, we should encourage parents to bequeath their children to be physically active instead of filling all those active hours with tuitions, piano classes and homework. Children can have opportunity to be active after school hours by parti cipating in extra-curricular activity programs, such as basket ball, soccer, as well as community-based activity programs. Remember, physical activity and health-related fitness is both equally important. We should not too emphasize on physical achievement and ignore the basic understanding on health-related fitness. through the health-related fitness testing, teacher is responsible to educate students the purpose of participating in a variety of physical activity form and methods to improve like health-related fitness components as well as the recommended duration in playing physical activity. Health-related fitness testing is an excellent context to teach students to examine on both health-related fitness and physical activity concept. Students can understand health-related fitness not only improve their health level (Silverman, 2008 Simons-Morton et al., 1988) but also their cognitive skills (Hillman, Cas breaki, Buck 2005). School-based physical classes may not do an adequat e job in teaching students on the importance of health-related fitness or have taught separately with physical activity. If health-related fitness testing is done separately, there is no way that student will develop the knowledge that can be developed from an understanding of both health-related fitness and physical activity assessment.Teacher should teach assessment skills to students. If student able to use fitness test for self-assessment, they are able to use the understanding of health-related fitness learned during physical class and able to plan their own physical activity programs according to their desired target. Students were taught that fitness testing can be used as formative assessment to develop and modify their physical activity routines to help them have the knowledge to start an appropriate level. estimate skills also able to help students keep participating in physical activity if they know what their expected goal is. The formative testing go out will reinforc e fitness gains and also enhance additional motivation for students to continue involved in physical activity (Silverman, 2008). Students learn to compare the scores with their previous performance and to design a suitable goals and activity according to their body level. Applications of appropriate use of fitness tests taught in class equip students with the knowledge and skills to participate and to select appropriate physical activity and help them to perform self-assessment.To incorporating health-related fitness assessment into fitness education, teacher should teach students the purpose of doing the fitness test or other fitness-based activity. Student should understand the instructional content before performing the test. Then, fitness testing should be formative. Teacher should plan the educational experience to use fitness testing results to design future activity for students while also teaching students that health-related fitness can be improved and assessment is integra l to that process. Another way is to conduct fitness education by infusing fitness lessons into curriculum. This can be done by relating each activity done to fitness. So, student will have better understanding on how those activities related and improve their body fitness, why that aspect of fitness is important. With that knowledge, students are able to understand and eventually improve their performance on that activity. For example, students participate in school lyceum should know that gymnasium activity are exercising their heart and will help make them healthy and good for their heart. They should know the health-related fitness component is called aerobic fitness and helps to prevent heart disease. With this understanding, students were being more cause on physical activity. The use of fitness test helps students to understand health-related fitness and how testing can be used to improve and enhance fitness.Infusing health-related fitness test in physical education can inc rease student knowledge, attitudes and fitness. In primary schools students, teacher will help students in assessment and plan their future physical activity, but in secondary school, after fitness testing, students could provide an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses and develop a fitness program suitable to them. Teacher could use variety of teaching strategies such as reciprocal teaching, self-check against predetermined rubrics and assessments such as using the analysis and plan for providing feedback to the students (Silverman, 2008) to help students to improve and also to monitor their program.Planning and assessment of physical activity is necessary in order to improve students learning experience and to meet the goals of instructions (Silverman, 2008). Without assessment, we are unable to know our standard and level. Teachers act as a reflection as a form of assessment to assess fitness education the result of the assessment is for the teacher to do self-assessment an d reflect on the lesson. Teacher means act as a problem solvers (i.e., design the content or lesson to achieve goal and to assess achievement of the goal, and whether there are other better ways to enhance instruction). Second step is student learning. Fitness testing result is to examine student learning from multiple perspectives (increase various component of health-related fitness, increases in physical activity, attitude toward fitness and physical activity). This health-related fitness test may tell how fit students are, ignoring the fitness improvement, physical activity and attitude development. Next is the appropriate use of accountability for assessing fitness education. Principals should be aware that fitness testing may lead negative consequences. Always ensure that the test is use appropriately and must be used within the context and perform a complete fitness education program if we want students to fuck in physically active lives. Assessment and accountability progra m should design appropriately and examine from time to time being as one aspect of student assessment and physical grading.As a school physical education teacher, I strongly believe that health-related fitness tests that are used in an appropriate educational manner can be a useful tool to enhance student learning and also health level. Although there is wide variation in the capabilities of students, the main purpose of fitness instruction should be that every student can work towards being fit and reach healthy level. While designing the test, physical class teachers should consider those less capability students and help them to improve by educating health-related fitness. The main focus on physical education should be on evolving fitness process, students participation regardless on performance and result achieved. A well-planned physical fitness program with a positive classroom surround is very crucial to yield positive attitude, interest and motivation of students on physical activity especially for those less capability. Teachers should put more efforts on those students who may feel fitness testing is an embarrassment. Silverman (2008) suggested that assessment methods can move from group administration of test to pairs testing or self-assess. It can help to utilize time better, develop self-assessment skills and less embarrassing for most students.In a nutshell, I agree to infuse health-related fitness in physical class. Both physical activity and health-related fitness is equaled important to enhance body fitness and health. In order to have positive outcome, physical pedagogue should designed an appropriate program for students in order to improve their fitness and encourage them to participate in physical activity and not to emphasize on performance achieved. Educators have to alert those students who are less capable in physical activities and encourage them, support them to involve in physical activity and educate them on health-related fitness. So that they can understand why they need to do that particular activity and what is the benefits of doing that. Educators should stress more on health-related fitness rather than performance-related fitness.Cale, L., Harris, J. (2002). National testing for children Issues, concerns, and alternatives. British Journal of commandment corporeal Education, 33 (1), 32-34.Cale, L., Harris, J., Chen, M.H. (2007). More than 10 years after The horse cavalry is dead Surely it must be time to dismount? paediatric wreak Sciences, 19, 115-131.Corbin, C.B. (1981). First things first but dont stop there. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 52(1), 36-38.Corbin, C.B. (2005). Keynote address Promoting active living The key to moldable up for a lifetime. Vermont Association of Health, Physical Education, Dance, and Recreation Fall Conference. November, 2005. Killington, Vermont.Corbin, C.B., Pangrazi, R.P. (1993). Physical fitness Questions teachers ask. Journal of Physical Educ ation, Research and Dance, 64 (7), 14-19.Corbin, C.B., Pangrazi, R.P., Welk, G.L. (1995). A retort to The horse is dead Lets dismount. Pediatric suffice Science, 7, 347-351.Domangue, E.A. (2009). A critical examination into motivation and gender in youth physical fitness testing (Doctoral dissertation), Louisiana State University, LA.Hale, D. (2005). An invitation to health. (11th ed.). Belmont, CA Thomson Learning, Inc.Hillman, C.H., Castelli, D.M., Buck, S.M. (2005). Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children. Medicine Science in Sports cipher, 37, 1967-1974.Karinharju, K (2005). Physical fitness and its testing in adults with intellectual disability. (Master dissertation), University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.Keating, X.D., Silverman, S. (2004). Teachers use of fitness tests in school-based physical education programs. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8, 145-165.Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, matur ation, and physical activity. (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.Rowland, T.W. (1995). The horse is dead Lets dismount. Pediatric Exercise Science, 7, 117-120.Silverman, S., Keating, X.D., Phillips, S.R. (2008). A lasting impression A pedagogical perspective on youth fitness testing. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 12 146-166Simons-Morton, B.G., Parcel, G.S., OHara, N.M., Blair, S.N., Pate, R.R. (1988). Health-related physical fitness in childhood status and recommendations. yearly Review of Public Health, 9, 403-425.Yesalonia, S. (2009). Understanding school students perspectives regarding physical activity and fitness (Doctoral dissertation), Available from Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3352936)

Ir Spectral Analysis Of Oxovanadium Acetylacetone Biology Essay

Ir Spectral Analysis Of Oxo quintuplet Acetylacetone Biology EssayComplex impart deplete ligand that impart form coordination bail to the metal circle round by donating alone(predicate) twains of electrons to the empty d-orbital of the metal which is similar to the Lewis acid- flooring re conduction.In this experiment, Acetylacetone and pyridine is the ligand ordain act as Lewis base and entrust be coordinated to the metal center of volt, V, which is the Lewis acid.Acetylacetone is a -diketone that contains two alpha heat content sections adjacent to the two carbonyl groups. As carbonyl-group is electron withdrawing group, these two carbonyl functional group will create an inductive effect which ca use up the alpha hydrogen to be more acidic and be easily deprotonated. Resonance stability of delocalising the anion create from the deprotonation at a turn down place basic condition to a fault accessions the probability of the deprotonation as shown in mannikin 1Figure 1 Mechanism of the deprotonation and delocalization of the alpha hydrogenAcetylacetone exist in both(prenominal) keto and enol isomer form as shown in Figure 2Figure 2 Keto-enol tautomerisation of the AcetylacetoneThe enolate anion is able to act as a bidentate ligand as it go off chelate onto the oxo volt metal ion with the two type O sections as the stick bying sites to form the VO(acac)2 complexes. Two acetylacetonate ligands argon able to bind to the oxovanadium metal and form a square pointed complex. Addition of the pyridine complex will form an octahedral geometry complex. These can be still proven development IR spectroscopy where the disparate specialnesss, lengths and nature as harmonise to Hookes law, IR absorption spectra is able to be unique for apiece complex.Experimental r discloseinePreparation of VO(acac)2The preparation of VO(acac)2 started with 5ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) soft added to 5 ml of deionized peeing in a 50 ml sink ined f lask. Then, 18 ml of ethanol and followed by 2 g of vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5) was added into the round bottom flask. The ancestor was ebbinged in an oil bath for an hour. The pastiche was and soly cooled and filtered using cotton sheepskin. Subsequently, 6 ml of Acetylacetone was added drop snotty-nosed to the filtrate. The chemical answer mixture was carefully added portion by portion to the solution that contained 7.4g of Na2CO3 in 120 ml of deionsed urine in a five hundred ml conical flask. The mixture was thusly cooled in ice water and filtered to obtain the gamy color crop. Product was dried under IR lamp. The product was weighted and dowry give way was calculated.Preparation of VO (acac)2pyThe VO(acac)2py was prepared starting by dissolving 0.5 g of the VO(acac)2 products obtained in 20 ml of ethanol in a 50ml of round bottom flask. Then, the mixture was ebbed vigorously with 2 ml of pyridine for one hour which was then concentrated using band evaporator. Crystal of crude VO(acac)2py formed upon cooling in ice water which was then filtered and wash with 5 ml of ether. Product was dried under IR lamp. The crude dry product was weighted and percentage turn in was calculated. The IR spectrum of product was then determined.Data Treatment and Analysis slowness of Percentage Yield of VO(acac)2The percentage accept was calculated using the by-line equationV2O5 + 4H+ 2(VO)2+ + 2H2O + O2 -Reaction 12(VO)2+ + 2 acacH 2H+ + VO(acac)2 Reaction 2 jetty of H2SO4 apply =Amount of H+ present = 0.0938 counterspy x 2 = 0.1876 molMole of acac utilize =Mole of V2O5 used = (limiting agent)The ratio of V2O5 and VO2+ is 12,Mole of VO2+ used = 0.0111 mols x 2 = 0.0222 molsAs ratio of VO2+ and VO(acac)2 is 11, then theoretical breakwater of VO(acac)2 = 0.0222 molsTheoretical mass of VO(acac)2 = mole of VO(acac)2 x molar mass of VO(acac)2= 0.0222 mols X 265.16 g/mol = 5.890 gPercentage outcome of VO(acac)2 =Calculation of Percentage Yield of VO(aca c)2pyMole of pyridine used =Mole of VO(acac)2 used = (limiting agent)VO(acac)2 is the limiting agent. The ratio of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py is 11.Mole of VO(acac)2py = 0.00194 molsHence, theoretical mass of VO(acac)2py = mole of VO(acac)2py X molar mass of VO(acac)2py = 0.00194 mols x 344.26 g/mol = 0.667 gPercentage of VO(acac)2py yield =Infra-red SpectroscopyTable 1 Summarized Data from IR spectrum of VO(acac)2pyImportant bangs observed in the spectrum of VO(acac)2 /cm-1Important peaks observed in the spectrum of VO(acac)2py /cm-1997.7998.04966.043449.72 passwordGeometry of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2pyVanadium IV metal exists as vanadyl, VO2+ in aqueous solution. Before the answer of the VO2+ with the acetylacetonate, VO2+ is coordinated to five water molecules and existed as octahedral geometry. However, acetylacetonate is a stronger ligand that displaces the water molecules. Since Vanadium is nonplused to group O with a V=O bond, only 2 acetylacetonate will only be able to for m coordinate bond with the vanadium central metal ion to form the VO(acac)2 complex with a square pyramidal geometry as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3 Reaction plat of the coordination geometry of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2pyThe geometry of this complex is in the square pyramidal geometry instead of the trigonal pyramidal geometry is due to the steric effect caused by the acetylacetonate ligands. The geometry of the square pyramidal is to reduce the steric horror to the minimum with the optimal distance apart of the two ligands.Also, from Figure 3, it can be seen that thither is a vacant coordination site on the regulation z-axis available which allow another more coordination site if in that location is the front man of strong ligand such as pyridine in this experiment. Therefore, complexation perishred surrounded by the pyridine molecules and the VO(acac)2 where nitrogen lone pair in the pyridine molecules act as a - donor-ligand and strong Lewis base that donate the lone pair of electron to the VO(acac)2 complexes at the vacant coordination site. With the new-fangled VO(acac)2py complex formed having a distorted octahedral geometry due to the unequal bond length between the V=O bond and the V=N bond at the axial prepare of the vanadium metal substance which lead to asymmetry. Also, the octahedral geometry of the VO(acac)2py is a 6-coordinate complex that is of high thermodynamic stability.Shifting of the V=O stint bandThe complex of the VO(acac)2 has an oxidation complex of +4 which the vanadium(IV) ion exists as a d1. Using the Crystal Field Theory, at that place is electronic repulsion between the electrons of the acac ligands and the electron on the vanadium metal ion which causes the ab initio degenerate 5 d-orbitals of vanadium metal ion to split into two assorted directs. The level with the lower energy has a t2g symmetry and consists of the dxy, dxz, and dyz atomic orbitals. The level with the high energy has eg symmetry and consists of the dx2-y2 and dx2 orbitals. The difference between the energy levels is the ligand business line splitting parameter, o. In the octahedral geometry, eg orbitals are on the axial direction and are the most affected by the electrostatic repulsion which destabilize the orbitals and shake up them to higher energy level. The t2g orbital is not on the axial position and thus, not much affected by repulsion and thus, stabilized and fail to lower energy as shown in Figure 4eg orbital0Energydx2-y2dx2dxydxzdyzt2g orbitalFigure 4 Molecular diagram illustration of Crystal Field TheoryAs mentioned in the old paragraph, the pyridine is a donor ligand that binds to the VO(acac)2 complex at the vacant site at the axial position of the vanadium(IV) ion. The addition of the pyridine to the complex reduces 0 which this step-down of the splitting parameter was observed using the comparison of the IR spectrum of the VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py.From the spectrum found in Appendix 2, the spectrum of th e VO(acac)2py complex can be seen that the V=O stretchiness oftenness of VO(acac)2py complex is 32 cm-1 lower than the VO(acac)2 complex when the V=O stretch absolute frequency falloff from 998.04 cm-1 to 966.04 cm-1. These reduces of the stretching frequency is proportional to the stretching energy of the V=O bond of the complex. The addition of the pyridine will turn out in the decrease of the stretching energy of the V=O bond. This shows that the V=O bond of the VO(acac)2py is destabilized upon the addition of pyridine to VO(acac)2. This can be shown using Hookes integrity as shownwhere v is the stretching frequency in cm-1, k is the stuff constant, is the reduced mass.The dorsum of the pyridine has decrease the force constant and the lone pair of the pyridine ligand is electron-donating which increases the mass of vanadium ion that ending in larger reduced mass, , which according to the Hookes law, result in lower stretching frequency wave follow. The wave number is proportional to the amount of energy that is needed for transition where it highly depends on the ligand sports stadium splitting parameter. The invokeing of the stretching frequency omen that the ligand field splitting parameter has decreased in magnitude which the addition of the pyridine ligand has caused destabilisation of VO(acac)2py complex.Similarly, the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen in pyridine is added onto the anti-bonding of the molecular orbitals of VO(acac)2 complex. This causes the pyridine to be trans to the V=O bond. Also, this bonding of the electrons donated will increase the electron density of the vanadiums d orbitals which will decrease the p d donation from oxygen atom to the vanadium atom in the V=O bond. This result in the falls of the bond order of the complex and the lowering of the bond strength which also lengthen the V=O bond length. Overall, there is decrease of energy need to stretch the V=O bond and thus lead to the substituteing of th e V=O stretching vibration to lower frequency in the spectrum. This also further proven that the VO(acac)2py has an octahedral structure.Also, there is the delocalization of the electrons from the evocative ring of the pyridine which able to stabilize the complex more and decrease the p d donation from oxygen to vanadium in the V=O bond. This make the vanadium-pyridine complexation more feasible and stable that result in the stronger V-N stretching bond which gain partial stunt woman bond character. As a result of the inter-electron repulsion, the electron density of the V=O bond is then shifted towards the oxygen atom and cause the weakening of the V=O double bond that cause the bond to loses the characteristic of the double bond nature. Thus, lesser energy is needed to stretch the emasculated and lengthened V=O bond and lead to the shifting of the frequency of the spectrum.There is also the grounds of the trans influence where the trans influence is the effect of pyridine ligand that weakens the bond that is trans to itself in the complex. The electrons of the oxo-ligand in the axial position of the complex occupies the dz2 orbital that will cause new binding ligand to form coordinate bond with the vanadium ion to be trans position to the oxo ligand. Pyridine ligand have donate electrons to the VO(acac)2 complex metal center and re stead in the 3dz2 orbital from the site trans to the oxygen atom which causes repulsion. Therefore, the pyridine ligand and the oxo-ligand are in the trans position to each other which uses the same orbitals on the metal vanadium ion for bonding. However, the oxygen atom cannot donate the electrons to the metal as well as the pyridine ligand which causes the V=O bond to be weaker. Therefore, both axial bonds to the vanadium are weakened and lengthened which decrease the force constant (k) and decrease the stretching frequency. The shift also helps to confirm the presence of VO(acac)2py.On the other hand, the VO(acac)2py sp ectrum found in Appendix 2 have showed peak of 998.04 cm-1 which has a small contrastive to the 997.7cm-1 peak found in the VO(acac)2 spectrum. This shows that there is still presence of VO(acac)2 in the product. Also the literature value of the V=O stretching bond of the VO(acac)2 is found out to be 995 cm-1 which is close to the 997.7 cm-1 in the product spectrum. These further prove that the VO(acac)2 is present. This can explain for the relatively low yield of 58.5% of the VO(acac)2py price reduction as the chemical reception has not gone into completion. However, comparing the fervor of the peak of 997.7 cm-1 and 966.04 cm-1 which indicate V=O bond in VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complex respectively, there is higher intensity of the 966.04cm-1 which show that more pyridine adduct is formed in product. This also shows that the reaction may be an equilibrium reaction where both product and reactant can be present. This result can also be interpreted as the reaction is not comp lete and more reflux time or higher temperature for reflux is needed to carry out to ensure more products formed.Lastly, there is a broad low intensity peak at 3449.72 at the VO(acac)2py spectrum found in Appendix 2 which was due to the presence of water that may be caused by short drying of the VO(acac)2py product.Observation of Color changesDuring the entailment of the complex, there is a series of comment of color changing of the compound in the solution. The color changes observed during the deduction of the VO(acac)2 is due to the change of the oxidation deposit of V2O5 (oxidation state of V = +5). The chromatic powder of V2O2 is being reacted with the H2O and H2SO4 to reduce to a dark green solution of V(H2O)53+ (oxidation state of V= +3) complex during middle of the vigorous reflux. When the reflux is complete, the solution was in dark blue color which is due to the reduction of the remaining V2O5 to dark blue VO(SO4)(H2O)5 complex (oxidation state of V = +4). During th e forming of the pyridine adduct, the dark blue VO(acac)2 is changed to dark green VO(acac)2py complex.This color changing phenomenon can also be explained using the Crystal Field Theory mentioned. Electrons of the two different energy level orbitals can be excited with o energy. The higher the oxidation state, there will be more different between the two splitting energy levels which therefore lead to higher 0. For V2O5 (oxidation state of V = +5) will have a higher 0 and whence will absorbs slack of the electromagnetic spectrum of higher energy with higher frequency and reflect low energy faint-hearted. Therefore, V2O5 will absorb the blue-green light of higher energy and reflect orange of lower energy light which is shown off as orange with naked eyes. When there is a reduction of the compound to VO(acac)2 or VO(acac)2py compound, the light absorbed was at lower frequency and light reflected was of higher frequency such as blue-green and thus, there is the change of orange pow der to blue-green product. Therefore, VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py appeared as blue-green compounds. likely Limitations and Sources of Errors in ExperimentThere are several limitations of the experiment that result in not having 100% yield of the product of both VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complexes.Firstly, there may be loss of product due to the cotton woollen filtration that causes some of the filtrate to be trapped in the cotton wool and unable to pass through.Secondly, according to the Le-Chateliers principle, for the Reaction 2, if there is an increase in the H+ concentration, reaction will shift the concentration of the reaction to the leftover which result in lesser product produce. When the reaction mixture is added slowly to the alkalic atomic number 11 change solution, incomplete neutralization may occur where not all H+ are removed, and hence lesser product is produced. Therefore, longer cooling time will be needed for re-crystallization so as to allow more crystallizatio n of VO(acac)2 and push the reaction to the right. other limitation is of using of the sulphuric acid, H2SO4 may result in the reduction of the VO2+ ions to V3+ ions which decrease VO2+ ions available for product of VO(acac)2 formations.The lower percentage yield of the VO(acac)2py may be due to incomplete refluxing and thus lead to low yield obtained. Also, impurities may be present in the VO(acac)2 product produced that observed at the bottom of the flaks which lead to false weight measured and inaccurate percentage calculated. The round bottom flask should be swirled every fifteen minutes during the reflux which can thwart the settling of the V2O5 solid at the bottom of the flask and identifying impurities.The yield of the VO(acac)2py can be improved with addition of plain pyridine and increase the reflux time.Possible Precaution in ExperimentFor the synthesis of the VO(acac)2 complexes, there is a step of the adding of ethanol into the mixture of solution for reflux. ethanol was used as solvent. The metal vanadium atom is surrounded by non-polar ligands of acetylacetonate or pyridine in second part of the experiment. Ethanol is more non-polar than water and will form solvent-solute interactions with the complexes and dissolve those ligands for better interaction in the solution. The use of the ethanol also helps to separate the VO(acac)2 from the insoluble V2O5 residue that will be filtered and remain in the cotton wool during filtration. Also, ethanol was used to prevent side reaction that will arise so as to increase the yield of the product. From reaction 1, there is the reaction of the V2O5 and the H2SO4 to produce the intermediate VO2+ ion that anyways reacting with the acetylacetonate in reaction 2, VO2+ can react with the water and oxygen molecules spin-off formed from reaction 1. It is as shown in Reaction 3. The side reaction will decrease the amount of VO2+ available for reaction with the acetylacetonate in reaction 3 to form product of VO(a cac)2. This will decrease the amount of yield of the product produced.4VO2+ + 2H2O + O2 4VO2+ + 4H+ Reaction 3However, this side reaction can be reduced with the addition of ethanol where ethanol will react with oxygen and produce acetaldehyde as shownC2H5OH + O2 CH3CHO + H2O Reaction 4Also, using vacuum to remove the oxygen and water formed can be a good way to reduce problem of side reaction with VO2+.Another precaution taken was adding drop wise of the acetylacetonate to ensure suitable reaction time and prevent influx of the H+ concentration and shift the equilibrium to the left and decrease the yield of the product formed.Anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, was dissolved in water so as to form alkaline solution to neutralise H+ ions so as to shift the acetylacetonate toward the enol form. This will increase the formation of the VO(acac)2 products. Also, the mixture solution was added slowly to the sodium carbonate solution so as to prevent the rapid foaming caused by the pro duct of CO2 and lose of product due to overflowing. Also, slowly adjusting the pH with more alkaline environment and less mixture solution allows the reaction to react at steady pace and reduce any side reaction to occur.ConclusionThe percentage yield of the product of VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2py complex were 77.8% and 58.5% respectively. From the IR spectrum of VO(acac)2py, it is shown that the V=O bond have shifted from 9998.04 cm-1 to 966.04 cm-1. This shifting of the peak indicate the formation of the pyridine adduct, VO(acac)2py, with the decrease in the wavenumber of the V=O stretching band.

X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV) Orbit

X-37B circleal essay Vehicle (OTV) range of mountainsX-37B orbital TEST VEHICLE COMPLETES 625 DAYS IN ORBITWg Cdr PA PatilX-37B orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), a blank postcraft faild by the US activate Force was launched aboard the Atlas-V on December 11, 2012 and is stealthily zooming in orbit rising speculations on its clandestine nature of operations. Designed on the contours of lacuna Shuttle, X-37B is an unmanned positioncraft with a much smaller size of it field advanced technology in a compact airframe structure. X-37B is modified variate in the series of X-37 distance craft with the earlier version X-37A universe used as an Approach Landing and Test Vehicle (ALTV). The airforce claims that this piazzacraft is a technology demonstrator of robotic pose bed sheet aimed at validating and corroborating the endurance of reclaimable billet vehicle technology. As on date a total of three X-37B commissionings give up been flown. The first mission launched on April 22, 2010 spent a total of 224 days in space and this was followed up with a second mission launched on March 05, 2011 to eke out 469 days in the orbit. The third mission continues to orbit in space and has spent in excess of 625 days creating a longevity record.The space craft conceived by NASA in the year 1999 was designed and developed as a reusable re-entry ballistic capsule by Boeing Integ appreciated Defense System. The jump in the year 2004 was transferred to Defence Advance Research Project self-assurance (DARPA) and was accorded a classified status by the US Air force. The X-37B is 8.9 meters in length, spans 4.5 meters in width, and is 2.9 meters tall weighing 4990 kg.1 This mini-Space Shuttle like space plane is characterized by the likes of both an aircraft and a spacecraft has been designed for a upright piano launch using an expendable launch rocket. The spacecraft is designed to operate in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at an height of one hundred seventy-five to 800 km and is slated to operate at a nominal speed of 7.4 to 7.8 km/s at these orbital altitudes.2 Once released into the Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the X-37B send away stay in orbits for a prolonged duration give out over months. It would derive the power from a specially designed solar array and also carries lithium-ion batteries to conserve the propellant fuel.3 Further, it has been designed for aircraft like manoeuvrability in space and thus would be capable of changing speeds and the altitude or orbits. As the speed of an object irrespective of mass and size at a given altitude in space is fixed, this space plane can continue in its orbit for an indefinite arrest till it is commanded to change its course or position. The space craft de-orbits from space under the command from ground and would autonomously re-enter the atmosphere in a glider configuration to land horizontally on a runway. As per the latest data extracted on Aug 16, 2014, the X-37B was found to be in an rounded orbit with a perigee of 313 km and an apogee of 327 km orbiting at the rate of 15.83 revolutions per day.4 Further, observations of amateur satellite trackers indicate that the X-37B has made only one or two maneuvers. If these observations are true then the spacecraft would have keep sufficient reserves of thruster propellant for future maneuverability.5 The sustenance of X-37B in orbit for much(prenominal) a long duration also suggests that the spacecraft is maintaining a per babetent orbital profile.The X-37B program from the rattling beginning has intrigued the universe on the secretive nature of its mission and profiles. As per the X-37B OTV factsheet displayed on website of US Air Force, the program is to evaluate and test technology of advance guidance, seafaring and control, thermal protection systems, avionics, high temperature structures and seals, conformal reusable insulation and lightweight electromechanical flight systems.6 However, majority of these stated assessments invol ve the military ranks in the de-orbiting phase when the spacecraft will be subjected to the re-entry effects and would be required to glide for a controlled landing on the airstrip. Thus, the rationale for sustaining the spacecraft in orbit for such a prolonged duration defeats the proclamation of developing and validating the reusable space vehicle technology by the US authorities.A space plane can be planned for numerous tasks that would include sustentation of space assets, extend logistic support for improving life one shot of satellites and space stations, carry out ISR missions, act as a computer program for insertion of satellites or act as a space tool computer programme. As the mission of X-37B has been closely guarded secret, a number of articles and reports have contemplated the use of this spacecraft as a space arm platform. The loading bay of the OTV is limited by the size of 7 feet by 4 feet.7 This size of payload bay would not be in a position to accommodate he avy and large weapon systems. While the platform could be designed to carry small automated weapon systems, the functionality of onboard weapon systems would entail additional payloads in terms of sensors and communication equipment. Further, use of X-37B as a weapon platform would not confer any broad of distinct advantage to United States as it is way ahead in space ventures when compared to its closest adversary.The probability of X-37B acting as an ISR platform is very high as the technologically advanced compact sensor systems can be suitably accommodated in its payload bay. Further, the ground track followed by the space plane is shown below in figure 1 indicates a comprehensive coverage of the middle east countries, the Chinese subcontinent and east Asiatic subcontinent. While, the exact mission of this space plane would be difficult to judge, the evaluation and experimentations with technology would definitely provide an edge to the United States for its future space ventu res.Figure 1. Ground track of X-37B81X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle, US Air Force, at http//www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/ oblige/104539/x-37b-orbital-test-vehicle.aspx accessed on Aug 26, 20142 X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle, at http//www.boeing.com/boeing/defense-space/ic/sis/x37b_otv/x37b_otv.page3 X-37B OTV Spacecraft Information, at http//www.spaceflight101.com/x-37b-otv-spacecraft-information.html accessed on magisterial 26, 20144 X-37B Orbit, at https//heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=39025lat=0lng=0loc=Unspecifiedalt=0tz=UCTcul=en accessed on August 26, 20145 Mike Wall, US Air Forces Mysterious X-37B Space Plane Passes cholecalciferol Days in Orbit, at http//www.space.com/25611-x37b-military-space-plane-500-days.html accessed on August 26, 20146 X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle, US Air Force, at http//www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104539/x-37b-orbital-test-vehicle.aspx accessed on Aug 26, 20147 X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle, at http//www.boein g.com/boeing/defense-space/ic/sis/x37b_otv/x37b_otv.page8 X-37B Orbit, at https//heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=39025lat=0lng=0loc=Unspecifiedalt=0tz=UCTcul=en accessed on August 26, 2014