Platos Explanation of an Ideal State in his Work, The...

What is the ideal state? This question has sparked debate since the very formation of organized political society. In Plato’s The Republic, Plato seeks to define justice and in doing so he seeks to explain the ideal just state. In Plato’s explanation of an ideal state, there is an extreme emphasis on unity and harmony. The reason unity and harmony are so important to Plato are because they are responsible for bonding together Plato’s ideal state and protecting it from tyranny. Plato explains at great length the framework which ties together the individual soul with the ideal political society. Without unity and harmony, an aristocracy would ultimately decay into a democracy, and according to Plato, sooner rather than later a tyrant would†¦show more content†¦110). Special emphasis should be placed on the word â€Å"community† being used to describe the ideal state seeing as how a community signifies a united group of people. In Platos ideal state, there are three different groups of society which unite to create a harmonious and happy state. Those three groups are the producers, warriors, and rulers. It is through justice that the harmony of these three groups is kept. Without justice, the three groups would mix and aristocracy would be on a path towards democracy. It is with this idea in mind that Plato proposes teaching the citizens of the ideal state the Allegory of the Metals. Platos Allegory of the Metals serves more than one purpose in his ideal state. First of all, the allegory serves the purpose of keeping harmony amongst the social classes. According to Plato they will appeal to a prophecy that ruin will come upon the state when it passes into the keeping of a man of iron or brass (P, p.107). Therefore, there can be no replacement of the gold and silver with the iron or brass, in other words a producer may not become a Guardian. Plato goes on to explain the second purpose that the allegory has is that â€Å"it might have a good effect in making them care more for the Republic and for one another† (P, p. 107). Because an integral part of the AllegoryShow MoreRelatedPlatos View in Human Knowledge Essay examples1392 Words   |  6 PagesPlatos View in Human Knowledge Plato presents three different views about knowledge in Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus. In Menos case, Plato believes knowledge as something innate in us when we are born; in his later view, in Republic, Plato believes we perceive things and gain knowledge; and from the last view, in Theaetus, Plato believes knowledge is the combination of a true opinion and a rational opinion. Strangely enough, Platos views in Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus are similar,Read MorePlato And Plato s Republic1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthe ideal government. In Plato’s Republic, he discusses his ideas and views of how this ideal government would function. He believed that people are born into 3 different classes, with different responsibilities (Plato 415a). Only people in the â€Å"golden† class were fit to rule. The most effective of these rulers would be philosophers, as they have knowledge of the good of the whole (Plato 473d). This system seems too perfect for me. I believe that Platoà ¢â‚¬â„¢s republic is unjust and would not work withRead MoreThe Ethical Egoist in Platos Republic Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagesof ethical egoism is displayed in Book I of Platos The Republic. In this Book, Plato introduces the idea of ethical egoism, explains the political problem posed by it, and addresses the problem through the words of Socrates. I will use this paper to explain and clarify the arguments for and against the concept of ethical egoism, with specific focus on the political problem it poses and the proper approach to addressing that problem, in terms of Platos social philosophy. Before addressing theRead MoreComparing Aristotle and Plato Essays1325 Words   |  6 Pagesvillage, villages come together to form city-states. This theory is Aristotle’s natural view that an individual can not be self sufficient Plato argues that, in order to achieve absolute justice, a city-state is needed. In The Republic, Plato builds around the idea of Philosopher Rulers. Even though it is not his primary point, it certainly is at the core of his discussion of the ideal state. The question that arises is, Why do you need ideal states which will have philosophers as rulers? ThereRead MoreThe Evolving Role of Poetry and the Poet Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagesit was here that Plato taught his most famous student, Aristotle. Platos most famous work is The Republic. In it Plato describes a perfect, or ideal, state. The beginning of the work investigates the true meaning of justice. Towards the middle of the work Plato begins leading into philosophy, and Book X discusses the purpose of art in his ideal state, specifically poetry. Ion, another of Platos works, is the beginning defense for The Republic Book X. In Ion Platos main voice, Socrates, pokes funRead MorePlatos Moral Theory Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Plato’s Republic was introduced in my coursework, I approache d this book just like other books that I have read. But the Republic is not written like a typical textbook, but rather, like a living conversation. And like most conversations, it develops important ideas to improve our lives. As you read this book, you notice a main idea that Plato is trying to convey: why a person should bother to be good. But in order to be good, the Republic opens with asking the reader what is justice. PlatoRead MoreThe Republic And Jean Jacque Rousseau896 Words   |  4 Pagesthe course of human history has ever looked or acted the same since each particular civilization has its own demands, obligations and disputes. Therefore, every community will have its own unique way of governing their general public. Both Plato’s The Republic and Jean-Jacque Rousseau’s The Social Contract discuss the topics of government, different forms of government and the type of government they prefer most. Each and every society requires some order of a governing association. Whether theRead MoreEssay on The Allegory of the Cave in Platos Republic901 Words   |  4 PagesCave in Platos Republic This paper discussed The Allegory of The Cave in Platos Republic, and tries to unfold the messages Plato wishes to convey with regard to his conception of reality, knowledge and education. 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The Republic is where the theory is first mentioned, followed by discussion in Phaedo and criticized in Parmenides and Timaeus thereafter. (These works will be further discussed later throughout the essay.) Plato’s theory of Forms, (sometimes referred to as the theory of Ideas) states basically: that which is made of matter and can be physically perceived by a human through one of his five senses does

High School Basketball Stars Essay - 1026 Words

RING! RING! RING! RING! Damn what the hell! 5:45 already? â€Å"Tommy wake up Gage and Henry just pulled up and you have practice in 40 minutes† mother said. â€Å"OK mom† Tommy mumbled while yawning and stretching, as he looked up he saw two of his teammates standing in his doorway, both staring at their watches. Tommy shouted â€Å"I’ll be out in five minutes. Get out!† Tommy was always excited for the first day of practice. For the last three years he has dribbled his way to greatness. Tommy was now a senior at Belleview Heights High school his coach had him down as a 6’0† - 165lbs point guard, but he knew only on a good day he was even 5’11†. . But that’s what coaches do they bump up all the players’ heights and even weights on the stats, hoping†¦show more content†¦The game was on the line, down 96 to 98. Kevin shot 3 feet behind the 3-point line, with 3.9 seconds left. Not even acknowledging the fact that Gage was open for the cut to the basket and dunk the state title to victory. But as the ball left fingers the crowd all moaned â€Å"AWE† even they knew that the ball was nowhere near the hoop. But Kevin didn’t care, because he knew that he had been fouled. Right when the spinning ball reached its peak, the referees blew their whistles signaling a shooting foul. Tommy and Gage both looked towards the bench from the court at the junior varsity players and among them was Henry, at this time he was a measly 5’10† - 160 lbs. Henry sat back down as the players lined up for Kevin’s three free throw shots. â€Å"45 gets three shots† the referee said to the players Tommy says from the half court line â€Å"take your time, and follow through†. â€Å"FIRST ONE FALLS† announcer proclaims over the loud speaker Gage says â€Å"two more just like that†, Kevin nods â€Å"Let’s go now!† Henry yelled from the bench Again the announcer speaks â€Å"SECOND ONE FALLS† The crowd goes crazy because he has now tied up the game 98-98. Kevin wipes the sweat from his brow and wiping his wet hand on his shorts before doing his final free throw routine. He used to spin the ball in his left hand and then bounce it twice before shooting. This time was no different. Just like that the final shot fell, the crowd was so silent that the snap of the net could have beenShow MoreRelatedEx-Basketball Player by John Updike Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesRemember that boy in high school that was the star of the basketball team? He still holds most of the records for the team. He scored more points than anyone else in the school’s history. He never studied much because he was an athlete. His basketball skills were going to take him places. But high school ended and there are no more games to be played. Where is that former all-star now? In his poem â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player,† John Updike examines the life of a former high school basketball star. Flick Webb wasRead MoreDownfall Of A Star By John Updike965 Words    |  4 PagesDownfall Of A Star In John Updike’s poem, â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player,† Updike, an American novelist and poet born in 1932, best known for his â€Å"Rabbit† series, tells the story of an American tragedy when he describes the life of Flick Webb, a once high-school basketball star turned gas attendant. This poem is narrated by an unknown voice, but sounds like a local who knew of Webb’s significance in high school. Webb went from a successful high-school basketball star to a gas station attendant. Updike’sRead MoreLebron James1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthe game. LeBron James is just one of the many athletes that play the exciting game of American Basketball, a fast-paced sport that is extremely entertaining and viewed by an abundance of people through-out the globe. 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One poem he wrote was â€Å"Ex basketball player† its about an excellent basketball star in high school named Flick Webb, but nowadays he is merely a gas station attendant (Updike). Does John Updike pity or admire Flick? Are readers of the poem meant to pity or admire Flick? The poem â€Å"Ex Basketball player† beginsRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1241 Words   |  5 PagesNCAA Men’s Basketball has gained an immense following; as a matter of fact, NCAA has reported record ratings in 5 of the past 10 Final Fours. College Basketball has gained what sports analyst over at ESPN, Stephen A. Smith has described as a â€Å"Cult Following†. Every year you see high school Phenom’s like: Ben Simmons (76ers - Pro), Jaylen Hands (UCLA – Collegiate), Kyrie Irving (Cavaliers - Pro), and Jahlil Okafor (76ers – Pro) attend these institutions; play a season of college basketball and thenRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Michael Jordan1016 Words   |  5 Pages1891- The birth of basketball. 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However after being cut from the varsity basketball team as a sophomore (as he was deemed too short at 5 11 to play guard) Jordan became immensely frustrated with his failure to join the team, as a result Jordan was strongly motivated and determined to prove his worth to the basketball team as he worked rigorously over the summerRead MoreDicho Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesdicho and basketball. For instance, LiAngelo Ball, a UCLA basketball player’s theft scandal in China, the college basketb all corruption, and Kobe Bryants sexual assault case. Each of these examples correlates with the theme of the dicho. The reason is because each one of these people or organizations made huge efforts over a span of so many years just to have lost it in a considerably small amount of time. LiAngelo Ball became a basketball player rising to fame during his years in high school with the

Topology Design and Cabling Specifications free essay sample

Cabling Specifications †¢1000Base-T Networks in each office. oThe 1000Base-T network will allow for more room for expansion over the more commonly used 100Base-T network. We will use this since these are new networks and there is a good chance we will need this expansion room in the future. oThe 1000Base-T networks will run over Category 6 Ethernet cabling using four twisted pair of wiring because the 1000Base-T network requires this. Again, Category 5 cable is more commonly used, however, these being new networks; we want to use the better and more expandable utilities so that they do not need to be redone anytime in the near future. The four twisted pair of wire in the Cat. 6 cable will be STP, or shielded twisted pair. The shielded wire will be less susceptible to electrical interference from other wiring or equipment near where it is ran (University of South Florida, 1997-2009). oThe Cat 6 cable used for these networks cannot exceed 100-meter (328 ft. ) lengths in each segment. If longer sections are used, data loss starts to occur. oRJ-45 connectors will be used for all connections in each network. Local Area Network (LAN) Topologies After recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of each type of network topology, I have chosen to use the star model for the topology in each of the offices for the company. This topology will allow the networks to effectively connect all the equipment that each office will need. The office employees will be able to connect to their fax machines to connect to customers and other employees and management, printers to more effectively do their jobs, and other computers for data they may need for their work. The star topology is cost effective because all of the nodes, or nodes, on the network are all connected together by a hub. The hub routes data from one node to its intended destination. Most of the cost of the star topology is in the cable since each node has its own cable connecting it to the hub (University of South Florida, 1997-2009). The Cat 6 cable used for these networks is more expensive than the more commonly used Cat 5, however, the extra cost should be worth the expense when it comes time to expand the network with newer and faster equipment. The star topology is also easily managed because of the fact that there is only one connection per node. Each computer on the network is only connected to the hub and not to any other computer or even directly to a printer or fax machine. The printers and fax machines are also only connected to the hub. The hub will route data to and from the printer and fax utilities so that they can be shared on the network with several users instead of them being dedicated to only one computer. In addition, when computers communicate with each other on these networks, they will communicate through the hub as well. Troubleshooting a star topology is simpler than some other topologies because of the ease of finding the problem when one arises. If there is a problem with a computer, connector, or cable, the problem is easy to find because when they go down they only effect the connection they are connected directly with. There is no need to go around the entire network testing cables and equipment, because the place in which the problems are showing up is the place the malfunction has to be located. This topology will cut back on down time for the network and will cut back on the time the IT department needs to be out working on things when they go wrong. Adding equipment to the star topology is as easy as it gets. As before, each computer, printer, fax machine, or any other piece of equipment is connected directly to a hub and nothing else. Therefore, when adding a piece of new equipment, all that needs to be done is adding the cable needed to connect the new machine and it is ready to use. The same goes when replacing a defective or outdated piece of equipment. The old only needs be unplugged and the new plugged in. This makes updating printers and other shared equipment very easy to do and much less time consuming. Comparing Topologies When compared to the other topologies available, it is easy to see why the star model is the best choice for this given situation. For example, the ring topology is much more complicated to troubleshoot. In the ring topology, each node on the network is connected to at least two other nodes on the network. The data in the ring moves around the network in a circular fashion and has to travel through all the nodes connected between the sending node and the receiving node. This means that if any of the segments of cable, connectors, or nodes on the network are malfunctioning, the whole network is down and cannot function until that one segment, node, or connector is fixed. The star topology is simpler than the tree topology since the tree is simply several star topologies networked together into one larger and more complicated topology. One problem with this topology is that if a connector or cable goes bad one entire star segment can be down. In addition, if the star topology is more expensive when it comes to cabling, then the tree topology is much more expensive because it uses much more cable. Another choice would be the bus topology, which is simply outdated itself. The bus topology is unreliable and is not use in most locations today due to this fact. The bus topology is somewhat like the star, however, because all the nodes on the network are connected to the same thing, but that one thing is a cable and not a hub, which is more versatile and more reliable. In Conclusion The star topology should prove to be the most effective choice of the other topologies discussed above. It will cost more due to the cabling choices, but these choices should eventually save the company money in the end when the time comes to invest in newer and faster office equipment. The choices made in the above sections should prove to be choices that will keep the network current for years to come, even when big changes are being made to the technical world.

Mo Yan’s the Garlic Ballads Saga of Suffering and Solitude free essay sample

They are, instead, people with their own shortcomings and prejudices, and by understanding that, Mo Yan shows the true power of an artistrather than stoop for the easy message, he dives into the actuality of his characters to make them empathic and flawed, and allow us to root for them and cringe when we realize that they simply dont have the wisdom to always act correctly. When it comes to the plight of the farmer and the destitute, Mo Yan has experience in spades. The Garlic Ballads tells the tale of a group of Chinese peasants whose lives are dependent upon selling their garlic crop; when harvests exceed governmental estimates, officials curb the amount of garlic that can be brought to market, setting off a violent chain of events. Against this backdrop, Mo weaves presents three stories: that of two lovers, which dominates the novel, as well as a familial conflict and the relationship between two friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Mo Yan’s the Garlic Ballads: Saga of Suffering and Solitude or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Howard Goldblatts translation is so good as to make the reader mistake this for an English novel; the prose is nearly flawless. Set in rural China, The Garlic Ballads explores the misfortune of ordinary Chinese farmers during the post revolutionary period. The very title which focuses on the word ‘Ballads’ reveals that it is a love story in particular spiced by magic realism. The harrowing experiences make the stuff of the novel. The small dramas of the Gao and Yang families, set against a slightly larger but nonetheless miniscule backdrop of rural corruption gets steadily deeper as it progresses, illuminating the paradoxes of modern China and the unchanging demands of love, family, and duty. There are also other heterogeneous elements an arranged marriage, a botched directive from central agricultural planners, a drunk driver with government connections. All are woven into a coherent whole through the poetic vision of Mo Yan who easily peddles in realism. This novel which focuses on the aftermath of an uprising a tragic story which depicts both a very specific time and place and sheds light onto basic human truths. The people of Paradise County have been encouraged, if not ordered, to grow garlic, and so garlic has infused itself into every aspect of the peoples livestheir breath reeks of it, their celebrations tainted with it. But the governing officials of Paradise County are out to grab up every copper they can, and so out come the taxes for traveling the roads to the co-op warehouses, the penalties, the closures, and one day the garlic farmers have had enough and act out against the officials making their lives so full of hardship. The government retaliates, and Mo focuses on some of the victims. First, there is Gao Yang, who suffers enough with a blind daughter and a new son soon to be born, but he is beaten and brought to jail. One who escapes at first is Gao Ma, a former soldier who longs to marry Jinjun, whose family have agreed to marry her to someone else, but Gao Ma and Jinjun do not take the alternate marriage lightly, and trouble ensues from there. Jinjuns mother, Fourth Aunt of the Fang family, is also sought after in the police hunt since she wont stay quiet about her husband being run over by a government official, and the lives of these peasants intertwine through the courses of love and justice. The Fang family is cruel to both Jinjun and Gao Ma as they try to reject the lovers vow to be married, and Gao Yang suffers humiliation and torment from his cellmates. Fourthly we have the character of the Aunt who appears to be tyrannical at home, but in jail she becomes a different creature altogether. At times, she is bawdy and scatological, at other times heart-breaking and lyrical. Thus through the characters, Mo Yan gives us the entirety of the human spectrum in his novel. The main story in The Garlic Ballads details the tragic love story of Gao Ma and Fang Jinju. This story is told in parallel with the life of Gao Yang and some other stories. All are inter-related. The background is a Chinese village in the mid 1980s. The details make it frightfully real. The central focus in the book is however on an invasion and trashing by an angry mob of the local governmental offices. We do not see this event occur until the end of the book, yet it colors every moment in the lives of the Fang and Gao families of Paradise County. It is understandable that the Beijing government would suppress a novel that shows most of its local officials to be bloated satraps and its policement to be little better than thugs, applying cattle prods to their prisoners and beating them mercilessly. Equally villainous, however, are the Fang family, who force their daughter to marry an old man in a three-in-one arranged marriage that guarantees that their crippled eldest son also gets a bride. In a grisly scene, the marriage deal finally goes through after both the daughter and her fiance commit suicide: Their bodies are dug up, their remains are mixed together, and they are re-interred in a single coffin. The full picture of alternating hopelessness and rebellion emerges slowly and tragically, and the disparate elements weave together into an elegant and moving whole. The Swedish Academy which selects Mo as the recipient of the Nobel Prize praised his ‘hallucinatory realism’ saying that along with his other writings, Sorghum, The Big Breasts and Wide Hips, The Garlic Ballads ‘merges folk tales, history and the contemporary’. Mo in his writings mingled fantasy and reality, historical and social perspectives and thus created a world reminiscent in its complexity of those in the writings of William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Although Mo is the writer of eleven novels and a hundred of short stories, The Garlic Ballads seems to be his masterpiece. Born in 1955 to parents who were farmers, Mo Yan a pseudonym for Guan Moye; the pen name means dont speak grew up in Gaomi in Shandong province in north-eastern China. The cultural revolution forced him to leave school at 12, and he went to work in the fields, completing his education in the army. He writes about the peasantry, about life in the countryside, about people struggling to survive, struggling for their dignity, sometimes winning but most of the time losing . Arundhati Roys A God of small Things is graphic and captivating, but seen from that perspective, The Garlic Ballads is ten imes more so. The novel depicts simple people living in hard times, in very helpless circumstances. Basically there was no way out, and people could only console themselves that their lives were `fated. I think writers write for their consciences, they write for their own true audiences, for their souls, Mo said in an interview with  China Daily. No person writes to win awards. Today the best reward in literature comes to him. In fact he is the first Chinese writer to win this reward in Literature. The Garlic Ballads seems to have gained prominence no less than Marquez’s 100 years of Solitude.

Earthly Desires and Ambition in Chaucers Pardoner Essay Example

Earthly Desires and Ambition in Chaucers Pardoner Essay There are seven deadly sins that, once committed, diminish the prospect of eternal life and happiness in heaven. They are referred to as deadly because each sin is closely linked to another, leading to other greater sins. The seven deadly sins are pride, envy, anger, sloth, gluttony, avarice, and lechery. Geoffrey Chaucers masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, provided an excellent story about the deadly sins. Focusing mainly on the sins of pride, gluttony and greed, the characters we find in The Canterbury Tales, particularly â€Å"The Pardoners Tale,† are so overwhelmed by their earthly desires and ambitions that they fail to see the effects of their sinful actions, therefore depriving themselves of salvation. For example, gluttony is defined as the desire over-indulgence of food and drink. The pardoner says that gluttony is the sin that has corrupted the world. The first form of gluttony is drunkenness. Drunkenness is sinful humanity loses its ability to reason. The three men are guilty of gluttony when they overindulge in wine at the tavern that eventually led to swearing and lechery. The pardoner claimed that drunkenness played a big role when Lot committed incest with two of his daughters. Drunkenness had influenced Herods decision when he ordered John, the Baptist beheaded. Gluttony was unknowingly committed in these two examples leading to incest and murder. The pardoner, however, does not practice what he preaches. He cannot proceed with his exemplum until he had something to drink. The pardoner is an ambitious and proud man. We will write a custom essay sample on Earthly Desires and Ambition in Chaucers Pardoner specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Earthly Desires and Ambition in Chaucers Pardoner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Earthly Desires and Ambition in Chaucers Pardoner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While others are not as educated as he is, the pardoner spoke in Latin to show off his linguistic ability. His failure to practice what he preaches makes him a model of hypocrisy and deceit. The pardoner is such a braggart that he boasts of the sins that he had done. I spit out my venom under hue / Of holiness, to seem holy and true(Prologue 421-422). The pardoner admitted to his astonishing behavior and confessed to his immorality. His shameless confession indicated that he was guilty of foolishness: I preach so as you have heard before / and tell a hundred false japes more. . . For my intent is not but for to win / and nothing for the correction of sin. (393-394, 403-404) Throughout his story, the pardoner desires to be viewed as righteous man, but he does not follow even his own teachings. Anger is found in him when the host makes a joke on him in the epilogue (Introduction 287-328). Also found in the pardoner is slothfulness. The pardoner displays no desire to work with his own h ands. He admits his distaste for poverty and expresses his preference to live in luxury (Prologue 440-449). An arrogant attitude is a barrier in achieving a genuine and honest relationship between people. In fact, pride drives others to commit the sins of envy. Chaucer illustrates ambition in the â€Å"Pardoner’s Tale. † â€Å"Radix malorum est cupiditas†Ã¢â‚¬â€ The love of money is the root of all evil (Prologue 334). The three men became avaricious and lecherous when they find eight bushels of gold under an oak tree. As a result, two men decide to plot a murder against the other man who goes to town to get food and drink. However, they are unaware that he has evil intentions of his own. He purchases three bottles of wine and pours rat poison into two of them for the other two men. When he returns to the oak tree, the two men stab him to death. Unaware that the wine has been tainted with poison, the two men drink the poisoned wine and die as well (Pardoner’s Tale 768-894). The sins of greed and lust lead to evil. The three men were so concerned with their earthly desires for wealth and envious of each other that they failed to see death. The characters we find in The Pardoners Tale are so concerned with their earthly desires and possessions that they failed to acknowledge the existence of the afterlife. They are oblivious to the fact that sin determines their ultimate destiny. The Pardoners Tale is a direct extension of the personality of the narrator. It is a shameless tale, a criticism of greed that comes from the greediness of its narrator; by rebuking sin, the Pardoner hopes to motivate the travelers to pay the Pardoner to forgive their sins. The character of the Pardoner is omni-present throughout the tale. Throughout the tale the narrator drifts in and out from the story, as the Pardoner occasionally leaves the plot of the tale to launch into sermons against sin. Finally, at the conclusion of the tale, he reveals the justification for his intervening, preaching against avarice for the sole intention of selling phony relics to the travelers. Works Cited Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale: Introduction. † Brooklyn College (2010): 4-8. Web. 12 Nov. 2010. Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Prologue of the Pardoner’s Tale. † Brooklyn College (2010): 8-13. Web. 12 Nov. 2010. Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale. † Brooklyn College (2010): 13-30. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.

Essay Explaining the Quantities of Goods and Services That We Can Produce with Limited Available Resources Essays

Essay Explaining the Quantities of Goods and Services That We Can Produce with Limited Available Resources Essays Essay Explaining the Quantities of Goods and Services That We Can Produce with Limited Available Resources Essay Essay Explaining the Quantities of Goods and Services That We Can Produce with Limited Available Resources Essay Essay  explaining  the  quantities  of  goods  and  services  that  we  can  produce  with  limited   available  resources The fundamental problem of economics is scarcity meaning economic resources are insufficient to meet the daily needs and wants of the individuals. Economic resources refer to the factors of production, which includes the following Natural Resources, Labour, capital and Entrepreneurship. The scarcity of resources is fundamental to economics. There are not enough resources to meet the needs of consumers and produce. There is not enough to go around satisfying the potential demand. In the case of producers, there are four scarce resources: (i) (ii) natural resources capital-e. g. equipment and tools (ii) labor (iv) enterprise or entrepreneurship Scarce resources mean that producers cannot make unlimited quantities of goods and services. These are types of resources or factor of production. Since resources for production are scarce and there are not enough goods and services to satisfy the total potential demand, choices must be made. Choice is necessary because resources are scarce. Producers must choose how to use their available resources and what to produce with them. Suppose, to take a simple dimensional example that a society can spend its money on two products, computers and cabbage. The society’s resources are limited; therefore there are restrictions on the amount of computers and cabbage that can be made, which can be shown by a production possibility curve or transformation curve. By devoting all our time and other resources to manufacturing computers, we can produce 5 computers per working day. On the other hand, if we spend all our production time gardening, we can produce 100 kilograms of cabbages per working day. It is possible for us to produce either 5 computers or 100 kilograms of cabbage, but in each case the entire production of the other good must be sacrificed. The only way that we can enjoy both which includes both computers and cabbage is by using some of our resources for computer production, and some for cabbage production. Resources must be shifted from one production possibility to produce the other. By experimentation, we find that it is possible for us to produce any of the combinations shown in Table 1. 1. These combinations represent the maximum amounts which can be produced with all the available resources. If we decide to produce combination E, we will be able to produce 4 computers and 40 kilograms of cabbage per day. But in producing this combination we have had to decide not to produce more computers or more cabbages. In producing 4 computers, we have had to forgo the additional 60 kilograms of cabbage which we could have produced if we had used all our resources to grow cabbage. Likewise, in producing 40 kilograms of cabbage we have decided to forgo the extra (5th) computer which we might have produced. The opportunity cost of producing the 40 kilograms of cabbage is the computer; and the opportunity cost of producing the 4 computers is 60 kilograms of cabbage that have to be forgone. We therefore have to choose between more cabbage and fewer computers or more computers and less cabbage. Given the available resources, it is impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing the production of the other good. The different alternatives can be illustrated graphically in a production possibilities curve as in Figure 3. The curve shows the possible levels of output in an economy with limited resources and fixed production techniques. FIGURE 3 Computer production is measured along the horizontal axis and cabbage production on the vertical axis. The combinations in the table are represented by points A, B, C, D, E and F in the diagram. This actually implies that there are also other possible combinations apart from the six that are given. The production possibilities curve indicates the combinations of any two goods or services that are attainable when our resources are fully and efficiently employed. As we move along the production possibilities curve from point A to point B through to point F, the production of computers increases while the production of cabbages decreases. To produce the first computer, we have to sacrifice 5 kilograms of cabbages (from 100 to 95). To produce the second computer the sacrifice is an additional 10 kilograms of cabbages (the difference between 95 and 85). To produce the third computer an additional 15 kilograms of cabbages have to be forgone (the difference between 85 and 70). The opportunity cost of each additional computer therefore increases as we move along the production possibilities curve. This is why the curve bulges outwards from the origin. In technical terms we say that the curve is concave to the origin. The production possibilities curve is a very useful way of illustrating scarcity, choice and opportunity cost. Scarcity is illustrated by the fact that all points to the right of the curve (such as G) are unattainable. The curve thus forms a frontier or boundary between what is possible and what is not possible. Choice is illustrated by the need to choose among the available combinations along the curve. Opportunity cost is illustrated by what we refer to as the negative slope of the curve, which means that more of one good can only be obtained by sacrificing the other good. Opportunity cost therefore involves what we call a trade-off between the two goods. A person’s marginal benefit is the maximum amount they are willing to pay to consume that additional unit of a good or service. In a normal situation, the marginal benefit will decrease as consumption increases. (Samuelson and Nordhaus 2010:13:14) and (Mohr and Fourie, 2008:7:9)

The Development of Electronic Music in the age of Post Modernism Essay

The Development of Electronic Music in the age of Post Modernism - Essay Example This further allowed the reintegration of Acoustic sounds to allow for the reintegration of Acoustic sounds through carefully sampled computer based musical instruments. (Schwartz, S. 1993.).This is particularly true in terms of the graphic signal-processing software which when it came out allowed for real-time MIDI control allowing the post modern composer to use this system even with limited technical knowledge. Chadabe, J, 1997).The availability of of such techniques and the further advent into the market of the Yamaha DX-7 MIDI keyboard in 1985 and of hard disk recording and editing softwares were all set to revolutionise Electronic music. (Schwartz, S. 1993.).The nineties further paved the way for more interactive computer-assisted performance and the release of the multimedia CD-ROM meant that the MIDI sequencing programmes were all set to expand to include digital audio. Chadabe, J, 1997). This is in contrast to the position of technology available for the electronic composers back in the 1940’s. where as the musicians were still struggling with amplifiers (for example John Cage’s Imaginary Landscape no.1 (1939)).Towards the fifties there was the Radio-diffusion-television upon which the modern musique concrete is based upon.The founders of the French version of the Groupe de Musicque Concrete included the likes of Messiaen, Boulez and Stockhausen. Another studio opened very soon under Karlheinz Stockhausen and made generous use of electronic sound generators and modifiers.

Discussion Question 1 Week 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Question 1 Week 8 - Assignment Example People hardly noticed them, and in most of the cities, the police had the signs removed (MacMillan, 2007). In Boston, the advert took a bizarre turn where commuters and the residents mistook the signs as explosive devices. This caused a lot of havoc in the town. In reference to Lamb et al (2011), Cartoon network had failed to notify the residents and commuters about the prank. Structuring and sustaining relationships with an organization’s consumers are a fundamental aspect of public relations. Different types of advertising and creating awareness such as use of brochures, newsletters and press releases have been used to create and enhance relationships with the public. In promotion, an organization should not fail to plan. Promotion planning involves identifying a target market, making a budget and coming up with an appropriate advertisement. Cartoon network’s target market is the kids and the best way would have been to organize for a kid’s fun day or to come up with an audio visual advert that is appealing to kids. Promotion is an imperative aspect of an organization. Promotion aids in informing, influencing and persuading consumers’ purchase decision (Lamb et al., 2011). Different promotional strategies have different aims though they all seek to improve consumer demand. Pet Airways relies on the publicity of the owners, Binder and Wiesel, who featured in television shows, in addition to magazines and newspapers. These advertising tools helped create awareness of their company and the services they offer. Since there is no independent airline that transports pets alone, Pet airways got more publicity quickly. The discounts and other advantages for using the airline are another factor that substantially facilitates its expansion. However, increased publicity through sponsorships, advertising and public relations may enable the company serve more

Steve Jobs the founder of Apple entrepreneurial venture Research Paper

Steve Jobs the founder of Apple entrepreneurial venture - Research Paper Example In the concluding section, the key aspects that have helped Steve Jobs to achieve success will be reflected. Traditional Entrepreneurial Path An entrepreneur can be described as a person, who undertakes the probable risks that can arise in order to organize, manage and develop a business. In the present day context, an entrepreneur is recognized as a developer or an innovator who generally recognizes as well as seizes opportunities and translates those opportunities to marketable as well as workable ideas (Kuratko, D. F. & Hodgetts, R. M., â€Å"Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, and Practice†). A traditional entrepreneur intends to make the undertaken business venture successful. The path that generally is followed by an entrepreneur in traditional process of entrepreneurship are converging on an idea of business, preparing a business plan, business formation, growth and exit strategies identification and going public with the business venture (Silver, â€Å"Stages of Entrep reneurship†). In traditional entrepreneurial path, the virtues possessed by an entrepreneur include ingenuity, diligence, ambition, tenacity, perseverance and self-discipline. These virtues guide in the endeavor of building a financially stable as well as successful business venture (Belmont University, â€Å"The Good Entrepreneur†) In the inception stage, the idea of business is conceived which is then analyzed in the traditional path in terms of feasibility of the business idea from financial viewpoint as well as other crucial aspects such as availability of the sources for funding. The sources of funding can be from two aspects i.e. financial bootstrapping method where acceptance of financial resources are avoided from any external source of investor and in the other aspect, traditional sources of finance are sought e.g. venture capital investors, hedge funds, crowd funding to start-up the entrepreneurial venture. The financial aspects such as analysis of ratio, capi tal budgeting which includes payback method, net-present value, internal rate of return analysis and break-even analysis are part of the traditional method of entrepreneurship (Kuratko, D. F. & Hodgetts, R. M., â€Å"Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, and Practice†). Path Followed By Entrepreneur Steve Jobs The endeavor of Steve Jobs, the entrepreneur, can be comprehended from his saying that â€Å"We started out to get a computer in the hands of everyday people, and we succeeded beyond our wildest dreams† (Entrepreneur Media, Inc, â€Å"Steve Jobs The Comeback Kid†). Steve Jobs’ vision had been to develop a â€Å"computer for the rest of us†. This endeavor sparked a PC revolution and turned Apple into an American business icon. The business plan of entrepreneur Steve Jobs was conceived from the endeavor of Steve Wozniak, who was an engineer and as part of his hobby, was trying his best to construct a small computer. Visionary Steve Jobs with his e ntrepreneurial traits convinced Steve Wozniak to be a partner in his venture. Steve Jobs had grasped the potential of the business with a computer in the initial phase. In the business formation stage, they started on their business named as Apple, in Steve Jobs’ parental garage and started working towards developing a prototype called Apple I. They generated funding for their business by selling Apple I, which

Teenage Illegal Drug Use

Teenage Illegal Drug Use THESIS OUTLINE Young people using illegal drugs. Reasons for why teens use drugs. Enhance pleasure. Instant gratification. Lack of confidence. Common risk factors associated with drugs. Family history. Mental or behavioral disorder. Impulse control problems. Risk of accidents and deaths due to drug overdose. Poison deaths. Statistics about drug misuse. Increase in road accidents. Drug affects family relationships. How drugs affect parents and siblings. Destructive behavior of parents. Effects of drugs on Academics. Statistics and facts of teen use drugs and alcohol in colleges. Drop out from schools. Maintain gangs. Peer pressure. Prevention tips. Build emotional ties. Confront problems quickly. TEENAGE ILLEGAL DRUG USE THESIS STATEMENT: Teenage illegal drug use is a problem in the world today, using drugs increases risk of accidents, ruin family relationships, job prospects and academic failure. TEENS USE ILLEGAL DRUGS: Teenage illegal drug use is common in today’s world. Not every teen uses drugs; there are several risks by using drugs, which include an increase in accidents, ruining family relationships and academic failure. Drug addiction or use is highest among teens and late 20’s, according to the national survey by national survey on drug use and health NSDUH (2013), the drug usage among teenagers varied in people aged between 12-18, most of them are using illegal drugs. Teens are addicted to drugs to enhance pleasure, fun, self-medication, lack of confidence, to vary their conscious experience, relive pain, to promote and enhance social collaboration by Larsen, (n.d). From the book, drug abuse sourcebook (2013), teens take drugs to maintain gang, to escape or relax, to relive boredom, rebel and peer pressure. Illegal drugs are very hazardous used by teens (p.100). According to Dasha (2014), 60% of Canada teenagers use illegal drugs between ages 15 to 24. Teenagers also use drugs on an occasional basis and used as a part of a social life that can include parties and dating. In India, teenagers few teenagers are addicted to drugs, in villages most of them use marijuana. Europe has less number of teenagers compared with American teenagers. Drugs can affect very quickly and without knowing them, the length of time that it effects varies, it depends on how much quantity of drug taken, some drugs are legal when lawfully used for medical purposes. However, that does not mean drugs are safe. As per the survey UNODC in 2014 countries like Australia, United States of America, Spain, Urban Afghanistan and Pakistan, the illicit use of drugs is more common among the men and women. The most common risk factors associated with drugs in teenage are family history, mental or behavioral disorders and impulse control problems. Mostly, the problem starts from family history. Especially when teen parents are having drug problem, this affects the child has or teen behavior and can increase the risk to try drugs (NIDA, 2012). Depression and anxiety or deficit hyperactivity disorders in teenage can increase more risk with the use of drugs. Those who are addicted to drugs would likely going to have mental disorder problems; they suffer often from mood and anxiety disorder. This may cause physical illness or disability, brain damage. The most common factor that teens affected by impulse control disorders, this involves chronic problems in one’s ability his or her emotions and behaviors. Due to lack of self-control, teens suffer from these disorders and experience disruptions in social, personal, family and academic aspects. Using drugs, exposure to violence, family history are most common risk factors faced by teens. Parents should take care of the children’s health and behavioral problems; they should be vigilant on drug use. In the article â€Å"Young people and illegal drugs† the Australian government (2013), parents can make children healthy and safe role model, teach them how to make good decisions-get the facts, find out the risks and plan family events they can take part in. they have to keep eye on behavior and feelings. Sometimes young people who are depressed or have mental illness use drugs to help them cope with feeling bad, as per south Australian government (2013). Teens might be unusual behavior, silence, anger towards, change of friends and change in physical appearance in teens who use drugs by Australian government in the article young people and illegal drugs (2013). RISK OF ACCIDENTS AND DEATHS DUE TO DRUG OVERDOSE: The majority of the accidents and deaths in teenage are caused due to drug overdose. From the book drug abuse Larsen, (n.d.), explained about the risk of accidents and deaths are due to drug over dose. Every drug is a poison; a large amount of drug can kill the person due to accidents and poison. The legal and illegal drugs root the vast majority of poisoning deaths; According to the 2013, national survey on drug and health (NSDUH) and NIDA (2014), an approximate 9.9 million-teenager aged 12 or older are driving under the influence of illicit drugs during the year prior. This is the lower compared with 2012 by National Highway Traffic Safety and Administration (NHTSA). Vehicle accidents are lead to cause poisoning deaths from injuries among the young people between ages 16 to 19 statement by (NIDA) Drug driving; nearly 9 out of 10 deaths caused by illegal drug usage; in past four decades the motor vehicle traffic deaths increased due to poisoning by drug uses that are unintentional, suicides, undetermined intent. The comparison between boys and girls, the ratio is 2:3 compared from 1999. According to international statistics in 2005, over 4.4 million teenagers in the US admitted taking prescription painkillers and almost 50% of teens believe that prescription drugs are much safer than illegal street drugs. Up to 60 percent to 70 percent of prescription drugs used as source of drug for teenagers by drug free world by Goldberg, C. (2013, April 22). According to the World drug report (2013), few countries as Iran, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are the mostly affected in Asia related deaths using illicit drugs. In Africa, around 17,500 numbers of people including teenagers are drug related deaths (WHO, 2012). Overall, drugs can increase to accidents risk regardless of the presence of alcohol; the contribution of drugs was significantly higher than that produced by alcohol. Use of drugs while driving tends to fatal and serious injuries. DRUG AFFECTS FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS: When a child gets addicted to drugs, the entire family unit suffers of physical and mental health (Beth Covelli, 2014). According to American government survey, one in 10 teenagers between 12 and 17 years of age are illicit drugs (2009). Parents and siblings have a key role in modeling and the reinforcement of drug use by teens. Most of the Drug abuse has a lot of stress on parents and siblings declined in their health related to stress of living with the child’s drug problem by Laura (n.d). Drug use can compact parent-child relationships to prevent drug use and the family conflicts might increase, when teen take drugs they may forget because their focus is on getting and taking drugs and they may lie or steal money to purchase drugs by Nefer, B. (2005). The teen drug user might do anything that upsets neighbors and friends and make the family ashamed. Some teens who are addicted are out of control and do not see about the problems causing by themselves in drug facts by NIDA. Younger siblings of drug users can identified as at increased risk of drug exposure and intention. If the parents or brothers who addicted to drugs they may spoil the relationships in family. Most of the siblings exposed to drugs because they share the same room or house (Larsen, n.d). Drug use has a major impact on relationships; it effects the emotional, financial and psychological of the entire family and friends. The drug use tends to blame on others in families, the situations may cause negative effects on younger siblings. EFFECTS OF DRUGS USE ON ACADEMICS: Drug use on campuses is universal. According to Health study, 90% of teens have used drugs and many of their classmates are using illegal drugs stated by co-students in the schools and colleges. Students usually dropout from schools or colleges due to illegal drugs, about 17 percent of students, 2.8 million are abusing drugs in school days in United States of America. Most of the schools are like hubs for drug activity with 44 percent of high school students who sells and use drugs by Reinberg, S. (2011, November 7). Private school students reported 54 percent of drugs available in schools and 61 percent of students are drug infected in public schools. In the article, â€Å"Effects of drugs and alcohol on Academic life†, 95% of the college campus violence related to drugs, over 60 percent of all college women intoxicated using drugs. Teenagers feel pressured to use drugs at parties and social gathering; they use drugs to get relieved from work related stress, financial worries or relationship problems and for feeling of shyness. Illicit drug use among dropouts was higher than for those in school (31.4 percent vs. 18.2 percent). Teenagers who use drug are more likely than non-users to drop out of school and less likely than non-users to graduate from high school. According to research at Colorado State University, teen drug abuse increases the risk of failure at schools. Poor academic performance can lead to increase truancy and dropout rates. The drugs are the main factor for teen violence; students with violent tendencies are likely to resist authority by (university of Illinois). Drug use can cause teenagers more vulnerable to depression and suicidal behavior. The symptoms of depression can manifest themselves in the form of being late to class and unable to complete assignments and other activities (Turner, 2009). Most of the teenagers maintain gangs to protect themselves (Lares, n.d). Some youth attend schools where violence is all too familiar and physical fighting is frequent relied upon to settle disputes (OSWALT, 2011) in Exposure to Violence. The influence of social media and electronic media can be negatively affecting the young people in many ways like exposing them to violence, reinforcing the importance of money. A staggering three quarters of teens between ages of 12 and 17 years old admitted that seeing photos of fellow classmates using drugs on social media encouraged them to do the same from the article â€Å"The influence of social media and teen drug use†. They are exposing them to extreme violence, which can desensitize them to reality, reinforcing the importance if money, consumerism and status symbol in Australia (2015). The main reason for the gang violence are the use and sale of drugs in campus, disputes over gang territory, gang rivalries and fights among members of the other gang. PREVENTION TIPS: The best know fact about prevention about the illegal drug use is â€Å"Not to take drugs†. To live a healthy life and drug free life there are few prevention tips for parents, faculty and teenagers: Parents have to keep time for kids to know about the kid’s schedule of the day. They should be vigilant about their children’s, make family dinner as often, spend time, and share the views, know about the friends. This can build emotional ties between parents and children’s (Phoenix house, 2012). Students will experience freedom and this may result with drug use, the use of illegal drugs is always dangerous. Faculty and university should change behavior of the student even he refuse your help and they should interact with students to avoid the drug culture. CONCLUSION: To conclude, illegal drug use will be impact on the teenagers and increase the risk factors including accidents, crimes, academic failure. All of these issues are very significant to the individual teen, the family and society. Teenagers should know the facts and knowledge about the drug use and its effects and they can live drug free life. REFERENCE: (AMERICAN PSYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION) BARNARD, M. (2005, April 27). Drugs in the family: The impact on parents and siblings | Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/drugs-family-impact-parents-and-siblings DrugFacts: Drugged Driving. (2014, December 1). Retrieved April 26, 2015, from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drugged-driving Drugs teenagers Better Health Channel. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.Nsf/pages/Drugs_teenagers?open Goldberg, C. (2013, April 22). National Study: Teen Misuse and Abuse of Prescription Drugs Up 33 Percent Since 2008, Stimulants Contributing to Sustained Rx Epidemic Partnership for Drug-Free Kids. Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.drugfree.org/newsroom/national-study-teen-misuse-and-abuse-of-prescription-drugs-up-33-percent-since-2008-stimulants-contributing-to-sustained-rx-epidemic/ Larsen, L. (2014). Drug abuse sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the abuse of cocaine, club drugs, marijuana, inhalants, heroin, hallucinogens, and other illicit substances and the misuse of prescription and over-the-counter medications; along with facts and statistics about drug use and addiction, treatment and recovery, drug testing, drug abuse prevention and intervention, glossaries of related terms, and directories of resources for additional help and information (4th ed.). OMNIGRAPHICS. MANAGING YOUR HEALTH. (2011, November 7). Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://health.usnews.com/health-news/managing-your-healthcare/articles/2011/11/07/more-than-a-third-of-teens-turning-to-alcohol-drugs-study. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drugged Driving Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drugged-driving on April 22, 2015 Nefer, B. (2005). Drug abuse and relationships. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. Retrieved January 7, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/195062-drug-abuse-relationships/ Parenting and Child Health Health Topics -. (2013, October 10). Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114np=141id=1747. Simple Methods to Prevent Your Teen from Using Drugs or Alcohol. (2012, September 19). Retrieved April 30, 2015, from http://www.phoenixhouse.org/news-and-views/news-and-events/simple-methods-to-prevent-your-teen-from-using-drugs-or-alcohol/ THE EFFECT OF DRUG AND alcohol on academic life. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2015, from https://www.fit.edu/caps/documents/effects of drugs.pdf The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Academic Life. (2011, September 21). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http://sobercollege.com/2011/the-effects-of-drugs-and-alcohol-on-academic-life/ WORLD DRUG REPORT 2014. (2014, June 1). Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2014/World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf

Society?s Arthurian Variety :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writers have reflected the differences in society and individual opinions over many years in their writing by slightly altering the plot of Arthurian Romances to appeal to the interests of their community. Arthurian Romances, at early times, were written with themes of magic and violence whereas legends from later times attributed critical turning points in the plot to the power of love and were more involved, containing a long list of characters. Also affecting the differences in the times are the writer’s nationality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Earlier Arthurian Romances were written by Celts. Their warrior mentality led the writers to depict gruesome and violent legends. The beginning of The Wife of Bath’s Tale (Canterbury Tales) blatantly describes a knight, who is supposed to uphold the strict regiment of chivalry, violently raping a virgin at first glance. Such an occurrence commonly appears throughout Celtic Arthurian Romances and is a reminder of the life of war that they led. The rest of The Wife of Bath’s Tale has mystical pretences, signifying the Celt’s belief in the gods of good and evil. The answer to the question of which the malicious knight was questing for was held by a deceptive witch, who appears to be a rich young woman after gaining the knight’s respect. The writing style of the Celts also makes the tale appear to be more mysterious by their to-the-point storytelling by leaving out the details which make tales seem real to the audience, in many cases not ev en giving their characters names instead of positions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the French perspective, Arthurian Romances took on a whole new profile. Many intertwined characters with elegant names such as Lancelot and Gwenyvere, from Excalibur, promote honor and a strong reverence of love. Whereas knights commonly took advantage of their animal instincts in the Celtic tales, they upheld a strict code of honor, chivalry, from the French perspective. The struggle within Lancelot and Gwenyvere to discover why their hearts wanted to make the wrong decision when they already had the right and best situation shows that the French did not totally understand the nature of love and believed it to be unpredictable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arthurian Romances have been depicted in many different ways to tell the same story in the end, but the contrast between the Celtic and French versions sticks out like a sore thumb.

Enforcing Immigration laws Essay

It is a 10 pages paper with 6 works cited. In this paper we will discusses some of the important issues related to immigration laws. We will discuss U. S. federal laws which cover the issue of illegal entry into this country. How they are involved in acquiring jobs illegally. To what extent the law enforcement of federal immigration laws falls under the duties and responsibilities of a local police office. Introduction Debate over illegal immigration and policy to control such an activity, is not new to the nation’s history. Much in the way of policies and procedures has changed; one aspect, however, has remained constant: the existence of illegal immigration. It’s been long that Congress debated legislation to control the immigration problem. As illegal immigration is raising more, laws will be carried out demanding to release some of the pressure. Undocumented individuals offer cheaper labor to businesses. These individuals do not get minimum wage, but instead they get paid lower, this gives the business an edge over other competitors by facilitating the employers. , Laws concerning Illegal Immigration United States federal laws have defined specific criteria for distinguishing between legal and illegal immigrant. The claws are as follows (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) and subsection (c) no immigrant shall be admitted into the United States unless at the time of application for admission he (1) has a valid unexpired immigrant visa or was born subsequent to the issuance of such visa of the accompanying parent, and (2) presents a valid unexpired passport or other suitable travel document, or document of identity and nationality, if such document is required under the regulations issued by the Attorney General. With respect to immigrants to be admitted under quotas of quota areas prior to June 30, 1968, no immigrant visa shall be deemed valid unless the immigrant is properly chargeable to the quota area under the quota of which the visa is issued. Illegal Employment An individual must have a valid Social Security Number to legally work and live within any of the United States state. Non citizens, needs to get an authorization from the Department of Homeland Security to work according to US laws. However on the other hand there a numerous illegal immigrants seek and engage in work devoid of authorization from the government. The United States has laws requiring individuals to have legal documentation, mostly intended to stop the employment of illegal immigrants. The penalties against employers are not always enforced consistently, which means that employers can easily use illegal labor. Undocumented immigrants are especially popular with employers as they can easily abuse them by violating minimum wage laws protected in the knowledge that illegal workers dare not report their employers to the police. It is a crime to hire an immigrant, to employ an immigrant, or to refer an immigrant for a fee, knowing the immigrant is not permitted to work in any state of America. It is farther a crime to let the illegal immigrant work intentionally knowing that the person is not permitted to work. In most of the cases the employers preferably employ or recruit an illegal immigrant as compared to an American national they can easily be exploited. It is illegal to employ an individual for a job in the United States without complying with work eligibility verification requirements defined by the federal law. Requisites include inspection of identity documents and submission of Form I-9 for each worker hired. Employers should keep in record of I-9s Form of every individual employed as they are bound to present it to federal legislatives if asked. Employment embraces all sorts of work or labor performed for any type of compensation within America, with the excluding sporadic domestic service any individual in a private home. Day laborers or other casual workers involved in any remunerated activity are workers for purposes of immigration law. An employer is an agent or an individual involved directly or indirectly in the benefit of the worker. For purposes of verification of authorization to work, employer also means an independent contractor, or a contractor other than the person using the alien labor. The use of temporary or short-term contracts cannot be used to circumvent the employment authorization verification requirements. If employment is to be for less than the usual three days allowed for completing the I-9 Form requirement, the form must be completed immediately at the time of hire.

The NHS in Relation to the Welfare State essays

The NHS in Relation to the Welfare State essays The NHS in relation to the Welfare State The Beveridge report in 1942, illustrated five interrelated social problems, which the British Welfare State was designed to tackle, these were Want, Disease, Ignorance, Idleness and Squalor. (Moran, M et al 2001). This report was published in order to find a solution to Britains social ills, which had multiplied during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the experience of the Second World War. With the publication of this report it was realised that the Laissez-Faire style of government was inadequate in providing a safety net for the disadvantaged members of British society, and that a comprehensive system of welfare was required. Although the concept was in place, much of the system of welfare that we see today was not initiated until the Labour government came to power in 1945. They then passed key legislation such as The Family Allowance Act 1945, Housing Acts of 1946 and 1949 which brought about subsidy to tackle the housing problem. National Insurance acts of 1946 and 1948 which provided a comprehensive benefits system for all unemployed, disabled, elderly and survivors and The National Health Service Act 1948, (Budge, I et al 1998) which, initiated by Anuerin Bevan , who was Labours Health Minister between 1945 and 51, provided Britain with the worlds first nationalised health service run solely on public funding to provide free health care for all. This National Health Service begun by the Labour government in 1948,was designed to provide free and universally available health care for all. This was done by nationalising all hospitals, surgeries and university hospitals, and placing them under fourteen new hospital boards, distributed on a regional basis (in England and Wales only, as Scotland had a separate system). General Practitioners worked much as they had before, but their revenue was now provided by...

Future Trends in Mechanical Engineering essays

Future Trends in Mechanical Engineering essays According to the ASME International (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), job opportunities will increasingly grow over the next seven years (ASME). "By the year 2006, an estimated 16 percent more mechanical engineers will be employed in the United States than in 1996. This percent increase translates to a gain of 35,000 jobs, largely in the services sector of the U.S. economy, over the 10-year period" (ASME). The more mechanical engineers in the market, the more competition. Competition leads to the production of new technological items (ASME). The labor market of mechanical engineering will change as time goes on with the introduction of new technological breakthroughs sweeping the world (ASME). New trends include: the production of new materials that are structurally stronger and lighter than anything known, The miniaturization of medical instruments and other tools are trends of the future, flexible and programmable manufacturing systems allowing rapid switching from one product to another, and the ever-increasing role of personal computers in engineering design and analysis (ASME). An increasing amount of mechanical engineers will be needed to develop fuel cell and other types of energy technologies to help manage the environment with new government regulations (ASME). "Emerging occupations will arise because new technologies or new work organized around existing technologies pose new requirements," (ASME) Internationally, increasing populations and the growth of economies will create more jobs for environmental pollution control and electric power, telecommunications, and airline industries (ASME). Other job opportunities will be found in the high-tech area of vehicle guidance systems to solve the problem of automotive traffic congestion in many parts of the world (ASME). The global uncommonly will require all engineers to understand cultural diversity so that everybody can work in teams to strive to improve the fie...

Accounting for Corporate Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting for Corporate Accountability - Essay Example Accounting for Corporate Accountability Many organisations in many countries have begun voluntary disclosure of the social environmental impacts of their activities in their annual reports. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006) These practices which have now become widespread began in many countries in the early 1990s, following considerable advances by a number of large companies to report environmental aspects of their business activities. Later-on from the mid-1990s, the reporting of social and environmental impact of organisations’ activities has become an increasingly popular practice. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006). The disclosures have often been made in the annual reports which include the financial statements comprising the balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flow statement as well as a statement of shareholders’ equity. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006) The content of the social and environmental impact usually comprise of policies, practices and or impact of the reporting organisation on its environment. (De ecan and Unerman, 2006). The new practice today by some organisations is to separate the environmental social disclosures from the annual report as the disclosures have become widespread and extensive. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006). These organisations while publishing a summary of disclosures of social environmental impacts in their annual report publish alongside a more detailed social and environmental report in a separate document. (Deecan and Unerman, 2006).

The Japanese developmental state served as a model for other Asian Essay

The Japanese developmental state served as a model for other Asian state's industrialization, but do the problems that Japan has - Essay Example In the model the state enjoys the right of controlling the economy more efficiently. The state in the model has been defined as an independent and autonomous political power. A developmental state is supposed to have strong intervention of the government with extensive planning and regulations. The countries outside East Asia satisfy the criteria for developmental state. Developmental State Model A regulatory state is governed by the regulatory agencies empowered to enhance the protection of the public from different kinds of market failure including monopolistic competition. The regulatory agencies also provide collective goods that aim to curb the excessive demand of the market that remains unsatisfied. A developmental state has more direct intervention into the economy and contributes in promotion of new industries and reduces the dislocations that are caused by the shifts in investments as well as profits from the old to the emerging industries. The main difference between regula tory state and developmental state is developmental state can pursue the policies directed for industries while regulatory states cannot do so. In Japan, there is little ownership of the government in industry. The private sector is rigidly guided as well as constrained by bureaucratic government elites. The government elites are not the elected officials and thus lack the capability to influence the working or the corporate class through political process (Woo-Cumings, 1999, p. 93). The developmental state emphasises on the market share rather than profit, focuses on the transfer of technology to foreign countries, lends time to promote economic growth rather than political freedom. Japan was the first country to witness successful industrialization. If the perspective of economic development is taken into account the development of the country followed the same pattern as in other developing countries. The factors that influenced the development of Japan include macroeconomic stab ility, development of human capital and economic infrastructure. It is difficult to equate a booming economy with a developmental state where the economies are dependent on external factors like inflows of foreign support in the form of aid or exports of raw materials. Therefore it can be stated that the concept of developmental state not only refers to economic and human development but presents the role of the state in enhancing the natural resources and lay down a distinctive and clear decision making processes. The model and the Problems for Japan The industrial policy of the country was based on the financial support and the taxation systems of the government. For the allocation of financial resources for prioritized sectors a large amount of loans were directed to develop the infrastructure of economy. The support of the government was modest but the activities of the government encouraged additional funding from the private banks. The total funding was under the supervision o f the Export-Import Bank of Japan. The outcome of the implementation of the industrial policy was not always envisaged. Three reasons can be accounted for the implementation failure. The choices of the policies were flawed, the power of enforcement was not stringent as it allowed the private sector to work against the intension of the government and government ex

The laws regarding homicide are an unsatisfactory collection of rules Essay

The laws regarding homicide are an unsatisfactory collection of rules which are unclear and which do not set appropriate leve - Essay Example This paper’s aim is to point out some of the major problems and errors that is contained in the homicide law. The first section will be looking at the definition of the homicide and also some of the legislative areas that is covered under the homicide law. The second section will entirely deal with the defects and problems in the homicide law. The third area will briefly look at the legal framework of the said areas and the suggested statutory reforms that can be implemented on the homicide law in Britain. When looking at the word ‘homicide’ in this essay the terms of reference will be in reference to the relationship between the law of murder and the law relating to homicide especially on manslaughter. The definition of murder can be borrowed from classic definition of Sir Edward Coke in 1797: â€Å"Murder is when a man of a sound memory, and of the age of discretion, unlawfully killeth within any country of the realm any reasonable creature in rerum natura unde r the King’s peace, with malice aforethought, either expressed by the party or implied by law, so as the party wounded, or hurt, etc. die of the wound or hurt, etc. within a year and a day after the same.†2 For the purposes of convenience in this paper, the definition of homicide will imply the unlawful killing of a human being by another human being. Under homicide offences, murder is the most serious of all but its reform cannot be reflected upon seclusion without the inclusion from the other homicide offences. Under Actus Reus there are four ways in which it can be implemented. 1. UNLAWFUL KILLING When the killing is unlawful there are certain defences that will make the killing lawful for example in the case of self defence. Should the jury find the killing was under self defence; then the killing will be lawful. This will only be possible if the act or omission of the defendant is thought to be legal cause of the victim’s death. Therefore the causation in su ch a situation must be established. 2. HUMAN BEING Should the killing occur then it must be the killing of a human being who was living. 3. QUEEN'S PEACE This means that the killing of an enemy during the course of war, under the Queen’s peace, the killing will not be classified as murder. 4. DEATH WITHIN A YEAR AND A DAY The killing ought to have been committed within the year and a day for it to be placed under homicide in particular.3 1. MALICE AFORETHOUGHT The mens rea in case of murder is usually malice aforethought. R v Moloney [1985] AC 905 4 (a) Intention to kill When it comes to murder there is always a specific intention for this crime to be committed. The intention might vary accordingly for example in this context the intention might be direct intention or even oblique intention. The direct intention implies that the situation of the defendant desired death in the first place while under oblique intent it means that the death of the defendant was foreseen as not c ertain although the defendant did not desire the death. The most recent authority on intention is: R v Woollin (1998) The Times, July 23.5 (b) Intention to cause Grievous Bodily Harm (g.b.h) An intention to cause grievous bodily harm is evidenced when there is willingness for acceptance of a substantial risk that the victim in this case might actually die: R v Vickers [1957] 2 QB 664: 6 In England and Wales the law being used

Deliberative Democracy Essay Example for Free

Deliberative Democracy Essay To what extent is deliberative democracy an appropriate approach for resolving public policy problems? Definition of democracy. Deliberative approach as a type of democracy. Types of cases, when deliberative democracy is substituted by other types of democracy. The power of majority or the power of nation The power of minority or the power of representatives of interested parties The power of elite or power of professional politicians Deliberative forum as an important instrument of deliberative democracy. The deliberative democracy as continuation of traditions of former concepts in legal government. The deliberative democracy in works of Dewey, Cohen and Rippe. Cohen and his postulates of discourses. Habermas and his approach to deliberative democracy. Critical opinions regarding deliberative politics. Conclusion. Definition of democracy. We hear word â€Å"democracy† quite often in our everyday life. The main meaning of this word is easy to understand. But still, there are a lot of types of democracy. Let’s examine the most interesting kind of democracy – a deliberative democracy and find out, to what extent is deliberative democracy an appropriate approach for resolving public policy problems. Deliberative approach as a type of democracy. It is well known that democracy as a kind of organization of social-political life of the society is a preferable policy for any country. Still, we need to underline that democracy, as well as any other social-political system, is able to show it in different forms, depending on conditions. One of such forms is so-called deliberative democracy. It is such kind of â€Å"democracy, where citizens play the main role in political processes of society† (Barber Winter 1998-1999, p.588). Quite often it is called also a civil democracy. Actually, almost any nation in the world knows what it is, because such social-political system is quite ancient. Almost any nation had tradition of community, where they discussed problems and the ways how to solve these problems, as well as discussion and adoption of practical ways out. The role of citizen starts exactly from this point – from mutual discussion and action in politics within the limits of deliberative democracy. Such type of democracy supposes that a citizen is the effective political actor at the political scene of his country. It is also supposed that active citizen has a number of qualities, which are determined to define quality of his effectiveness. Such citizen has to be able to find out, to discuss and to feel responsibility for problems of his society and to be able to unite with other citizens in order to take decisions. It is also important to take into account all sides of political events, interests and values of other citizens and to find a common base to take effective and preferable decisions. Nevertheless, although such kind of democracy is very interesting, it is very difficult to develop and to maintain its vitality. Types of cases, when deliberative democracy is substituted by other types of democracy. One of the main conditions of existing of deliberative democracy is high level of political and legal competence of its citizens and their desire to participate in political process of their country. Deliberative democracy is changed into other types of problematical democracies when it is impossible to have such conditions. Let’s examine several types of such cases. a) The power of majority or the power of nation One of them is the power of majority or the power of nation. Such type of democracy is often called a direct majority system. The decisions are taken on the base of opinions of majority. The elements of such democracy are referendums, different kinds of Gallup polls and one-stage elections. As a result, process of politics becomes simpler and ability of society to solve difficult social problems is decreased. The power of minority or the power of representatives of interested parties The other kind of democracy is the power of minority or the power of representatives of interested parties. The main demand of this type of democracy, which is called a representative democracy, is that all layers of population have their representatives in the institutions of governing. The problem is that such kind of democracy often becomes anamorphous. In particular, separate groups, who have their interests, start to dominate in political system. As a result, politics, which is brought into society, becomes highly specialized and oriented on only those groups, whose representatives were able to lobby their interests at the governmental level. The power of elite or power of professional politicians Another type of democracy is the power of elite or power of professional politicians. Such type of democracy means that citizens â€Å"almost don’t take part in politics and become cynical in relation to political process† (Finley 1972, p.78). Such politics seems to be the matter of chosen (professionals and specialists) – politicians, managers of election campaigns, image-makers, lobbyists, sociologists, pressmen, etc. Technocratic approach makes this kind of democracy different and almost displaces the citizens from political scene. Deliberative forum as an important instrument of deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy in comparison with these types of democracy is completely different. It brings into politics voices of citizens, which are ale to change something in political processes of their country. This voice is not associated with simple public opinion, defined by the Gallup polls, simple voting or protesting. Instruments, which help deliberative democracy to function in the modern society, are various. The â€Å"most important instrument of deliberative democracy is so-called deliberative forum† (Honig 1993, p.2). Such forum represents not a simple discussion of a problem, but strictly regulated discussion accordingly to a definite form. Before such forum takes place, its organizers – often it is a kind of initiative group from the number of active citizens – work out the form of problem’s discussion. Participants of this forum obey to the form of discussion with help of qualified moderators (people, who are responsible for the forum). The stages of forum are as follows: The participants share their experience of personal attitude regarding to the problem discussed. Moderator explains to the participants the essence of problem and gives three-four main approaches to solve it. He explains also possibilities to solve it practically, advantages and disadvantages of each approach as well. We have to note that approaches of variants of problem solving are prepared before the forum takes place and are made on the basis of dozens of small forums, Gallup polls, interviews with citizens, governmental authorities, different organizations and other parties, who are involved in problem, etc. The participants discuss approaches of problem solving and reach consensus basing on the most preferable position. It is also very important that participants of such a forum listen to discussions of their partners and can â€Å"change their opinion in the process of discussion† (Bohman 1997, p.343). The practice of such forum shows that situations, when participants of forum change their opinion and prefer other approach, represented by other working group, are quite often. It proves once more that deliberation (discussion) is very strong and important instrument of political influence on citizens and is very important in resolving political public problems. We need to note that deliberation is different from debates. Debates are based on principle that it is very important to prove your own opinion, your own point of view by proving ineffectiveness of your opponent’s opinion. Deliberation presupposes enrichment of your own opinion and gives possibility to reexamine it in the light of discussions and opinions of other participants. The participants work out practical actions for realization of chosen approach and decide when they have to meet the next time to continue chosen practical measures. Moderators make report on results of the forum and present the report to the parties which can be interested and which are able to influence resolving problem. Such report is presented to mass media as well. The deliberative democracy as continuation of traditions of former concepts in legal government. The deliberative democracy is opposed to the kinds of aforementioned democracies. It is also opposed to aggregative democracy, which reflects the results of compromises between the group interests. It is based not on the â€Å"balance of interests, but on the power of arguments for the sake of the good of all citizens† (Bohman, J. Rehg 1997, p.IX). The public sphere is examined as the scene of wide discourse of citizens and reproduces the base for idea of public sovereignty. This civil reflection is not limited by any pre-determined principles. It acts only within the limits of known procedure rules. Actually, the deliberative process is used as the democracy, which allows discovering the sense of taken decisions and their consequences for society in common. Such concept represents a reaction on crisis condition of modern forms of Western democracy. The model of deliberative democracy seems to be idealistic and very interesting. Such concept arouses the question of organic interaction of society and government. It focuses attention on modification of public sphere as the important point of civil activity and influence of civil activity on the governmental politics as well. The deliberative democracy continues traditions of â€Å"former concepts of legal government and is examined as democracy of rational discourse, discussion, conviction, argumentation and compromise† (Connolly 1991, p.1). It is based on the statement that a modern human is a citizen, who takes active part in the life of society. His roles in society as a client and consumer are mixed together with roles of participant in political and public processes. The modern human has tendency to non-belonging to any political party, because he is ready to make compromise and to refuse from his preferences to reach compromise. When we use tradition of legal government conception (particularly, the conception of Kant), we suppose that governmental-legal sphere should be examined to the maximum flexibility. It should be possible to take into account any new theme of discussion, opinions and re-examination of results. First of all we need to solve such problems as role of majority, opinions of minority, parliamentary responsibility and corporatism. The deliberative democracy in works of Dewey, Cohen and Rippe. Deliberative democracy is a concept, used by J. Dewey, which is examined in the modern political theory by such authors as Cohen, Rippe, Habermas, etc. Dewey proposed to refuse from usual understanding of democracy as political domination of majority and to examine the process from the other side, as way to obtain power by the majority of citizens. It can be done with help of public discourses and lobbying interests by social groups and minorities in different discussions and forums. â€Å"The rule of majority is as stupid, as critics speak about it. Still, it had never been only the rule of majority†¦ The means with help of which the majority becomes the majority, are much more important: debates, modification of opinions, discussions with minority, etc†¦ BY the other words, the efficient necessity of democracy is in improvement of methods and conditions of debates, discussions and forums†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dewey 1954, p 207) So, the very concept of publicity of politics has more important results that the results of politics itself. The idea of deliberative democracy is based on intuition of publicity. It became an independent concept, which doesn’t understand the aim of politics to satisfy interests of all people separately as liberal doctrine. On the contrary, it is the model, oriented on forum, where â€Å"concepts about â€Å"good† for all people is discussed by means of mutual discussion of citizens† (Rippe 2001, p.141.). Cohen explains the method of constitution of the political society. He explains the concept of deliberative democracy by means of a definite ideal procedure of consultation and taking decisions in political institutions. â€Å"The concept of deliberative democracy is based on the intuitive ideal of democratic association, where the justification of rules and conditions of such association is made with help of public arguments and reflexion between the equal citizens. Deliberative politics stipulates that the parties should present grounds for their proposals, support or criticism The grounds should be presented clearly, and all participants can accept the proposal or refuse from it, presenting their critical points of view by means of free discussion between the equal† (Cohen 1989, p.25) Cohen and his postulates of discourses. In such a way, we can define a number of discourses, which are examined as political function and are able to constitute political public society. Cohen speaks about several postulates of such procedures: Such consultations should be made in argumentative form, i.e. by means of well-ordered information between the parties; Consultations should be open and public. Nobody can be excluded from the number of participants; Consultations are free and nobody can force the partner to accept a proposal, except by force of arguments; Consultations have the aim of rationally motivated agreement and can continue as long as possible. Still, the majority can take decision to stop them temporarily; Political consultations first of all should be the subject of discussion of problems, which are the most important and interesting; Political consultations also can be used for â€Å"interpretation of demands and pre-political postulates† (Cohen 1989, p.22). They shouldn’t be limited by valuable consensus, based on common tradition and practice. Habermas and his approach to deliberative democracy. We can see that postulates of deliberative democracy are, actually, the reflexion of discourse theory into politics. So, it is no wonder that the concept of deliberative politics was accepted by Habermas and examined in his book â€Å"Faktizità ¤t und Geltung†, basing on the concepts of discourse theory (Habermas 1998, p.35). Habermas examines new concept of civil society, taking closer concepts of civil society and political public. He retains world orientation, which is resulted on liberal political culture. At the same time he focuses attention on forms of communication, organization and institutionalization of people in communities, where they form opinions, ideas, ideals, motives, values and orientations of different kind. Such conception allows forming new civil society, â€Å"plural, effective and responsible†. Habermas tries to find the principles and values of new civil society in many-sided communication of individuals, groups, countries and regions. We can find also the motive of ambivalent attitude (inheritance and refusal at the same time) to Utopian tradition of modern as consensus of free individuals being the basis of righteous civil order, and with institutional problems of real capitalism. Habermas examines ideals of bourgeois humanism, such as self-organization, rational forming of political will, personal and collective self-determination, self-organization of society – at the background of cynical reality of the modern society. He changes the conceptual pair ideal-reality by the search of potential of rationality in everyday communicative practice. The last one is the basis of ideas, which finds expression in ideals of classical philosophy and continues to be important nowadays. He examines the concept of â€Å"public opinion† as formal structure of communication and presupposition of possibility to reach consensus. What are the ways to form political consensus, which is important for society self-organization? The model of deliberative democracy, supported by Habermas, supposes the ideal of society, consisting of free and equal individuals, who determine forms of mutual life in political communication. The concept of discussion and procedure of political problems and taking decisions is taken as criteria of democracy of the real political process. The procedure of forming opinions and will of the nation should be understood as democratic self-organization. The decision, which is supported by the majority of citizens, should be understood as the legal. Political communication should rationally form the will of participants. The problem of relations between the government and civil society should be examined through the prism of liberal and republican political traditions. The concept of society as a political value (societas civilis) equalizes democracy with political self-organization of society as the one body. It is based on republican tradition, which supports the ideas of Aristotle and Rousseau. The government as bureaucratic administrative mechanism should become a part of society as a whole. Deliberative democracy is not a simple power of citizens’ opinions. It is rather the possibility of power of reason, which is a result of citizens’ discussions. Coordination of plans of activity among the citizens supposes the constant standards of behavior, which stipulate and stabilize mutual social expectations. Stabilization of social character is executed thanks to mutual participation of citizens as well as communication, which coordinates activity of individuals. The aim of communication is to reach consensus. Critical opinions regarding deliberative politics. Still, there are some critical opinions regarding deliberative democracy. Let’s examine some of them. Critics write that the discussions can focus attention on different problems, which are found in the process of discussions. Those problems can influence on â€Å"positive taking decisions, because they can worsen situation by arousing different disagreements† (Held 1995, p.92). Even if the discussion helps to reach agreement, sometimes there are cases when such agreement is undesirable. People are able to get satisfaction from feeling of their â€Å"unevenness† and â€Å"difference†. And, on the contrary, they can think that consensus can lead to mediocrity. Such participants of discussion can understand the competition of ideas – dispute – to be vitally important for their personal freedom. Such institutional embodiments of thought lay on the basis of different attributes of democracy. So, we can resume, that the discussion not always leads to consensus. Also, when a discussion leads to consensus, it is not always can be examined as the advantage. The deliberative approach is criticized also because its aim is based on optimistic pre-suppositions regarding the government. Nevertheless, any theory has its weak points. Conclusion At the same time deliberative model of society focuses attention on personal rights of citizens, the principle of equality and practice of government. The ability to actualize those rights can be understood as ability to be a citizen in such deliberative society. Sharing position of Habermas, we can suppose that democratic society prepares the establishment of status of a liberal citizen. Such kind of participation in political processes of society is very important and actual in forming of â€Å"conscious† citizen and gives him possibility to participate in taking politically important decision and resolving public problems. In such a way, deliberative democracy presupposes education of responsible citizen, able to estimate difficulty of problems. Such citizen is able to accept legal interests of other interested groups (including traditional opponents). Principle of deliberative democracy generates the feeling of united nation and can be called an appropriate approach for resolving public policy problems. Works Cited: Barber, B. (Winter 1998-1999). Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Strong Democracy, â€Å"Political Science Quarterly†,vol. 113, â„â€"4 Bohman, J. (1997). â€Å"Deliberative Democracy and Effective Social Freedom: Capabilities, Resources, and Opportunities† in Deliberative Democrac, Essays on Reason and Politics, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts-London Bohman, J. Rehg, W. (1997). (ed.) Deliberative Democracy, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massach.-London, England Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy, Hablin A., Pettit B. (Hrsg.), The Good Polity, Oxford Connolly, W. (1991). Identity / Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox, N.Y. Dewey, J. (1954). The Public and its Problems, Chicago Finley, M. (1972). Democracy, Ancient and Modern. New Brunswick Habermas, J. (1998). Faktizità ¤t und Geltung, Frankfurt a.M. Held, D. (1995). Democracy and the Global Order, From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, Cambridge, Great Britain Honig, Ð’. (1993). Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics, N.Y. Rippe, K.-P. (2001). Ethikkommissionen in der deliberativen Demokratie, Kettner M. (Hrsg.), Angewandte Ethik als Politikum. Frankfurt